The Commitments in Full
By AFK
First edition, October 26, 2026
What this is
This is where the twenty commitments of A Way Forward, Together are laid out in full. If you're new, start with the framework. It has what we share, our principles, a short summary of each commitment, how it gets paid for and how the pieces fit together. Come here when you want to dig into one topic. Each commitment stands on its own, so you don't need to read this front to back.
Each commitment is laid out the same way:
- The goal: what we're aiming for, in a sentence or two.
- The problems we're trying to solve: the specific problems behind the goal, and the facts that show them.
- Why it matters: what those problems cost us, and the root cause where we can name it.
- What we propose: what we'd do, how we'd get there, and the safeguards that keep each idea from being gamed or backfiring.
- The strongest objection: the best argument against us, stated fairly.
- How we'll know: what we'd measure.
- Still open: questions we haven't settled.
We tried to think every proposal through. How would people and businesses likely react? What would those reactions cause? What would we measure, and what would make us rethink it? The safeguards that came out of that are written into the proposals here. The full chains, numbered the same way, are in Following the chain: how each idea was tested. The costs and funding are in Paying for it, and the health plan is in Healthcare for Everyone.
1. Honest conversation and shared wisdom
The goal. A country where people who disagree can actually talk. Where everyone learns to think for themselves. And where the experience of older generations, tradespeople, veterans, farmers, immigrants and everyone else gets passed on instead of lost.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Feeds built on anger: most of us get our news from feeds that reward whatever gets a reaction, and outrage gets the most. A 2017 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that each moral or emotional word in a political post raised how often it got shared by about 20 percent.
- We misjudge each other: people on each side think the other side's views are about twice as extreme as they really are. So we end up arguing with a cartoon instead of a neighbor.
- Few of us learned to check a claim: in a 2019 Stanford study of 3,446 high school students, two-thirds couldn't tell a news story from an ad dressed up as one.
- Local news is disappearing: since 2005 the country has lost more than a third of its newspapers. More than 200 counties have no local news source at all (Northwestern's Medill school).
- Public meetings don't hear from the public: the people who show up to ordinary meetings are mostly the same small group, the most motivated and the most upset.
- Know-how is retiring: more than 10,000 Americans turn 65 every day. Many take decades of hands-on skill in trades, farming, firefighting and small business with them, while employers say they can't find people with those skills.
- Fewer shared places: fewer of us work, serve or volunteer alongside people from other places and backgrounds. That makes it easy to see strangers as enemies.
Why it matters. Every other commitment depends on this one. If we can't talk to each other, we can't solve anything together. A lot of our political "conversation" now happens through feeds and cable shows built to keep us angry, because anger keeps us watching. Meanwhile, hard-won practical knowledge is retiring with nobody to hand it to.
When local papers close, studies find local governments pay more to borrow and fewer people run for office, because nobody is watching. When we only meet the other side through a screen, it's easy to believe the worst about them. And everything else here, from housing to healthcare, needs people who disagree to sit down and settle on something.
Most of us hold the beliefs we grew up around. If we'd been born somewhere else, a lot of us would believe something else. That doesn't make our beliefs wrong. It's a reason to stay humble about them and to see the person on the other side as just a person. Strong opinions are fine. An opinion isn't a fact, though, and "that's just what I believe" isn't evidence.
What we propose.
- Teach thinking, not sides. Every student should learn to find the original source, check a claim, read a statistic, spot manipulation and make the best case for a view they disagree with. The same standards apply to news we like and news we don't. Libraries and community groups should offer the same skills to adults. We'd build it into subjects schools already teach, like reading a graph honestly in math or comparing two accounts of an event in history, instead of adding a new class. Every lesson gets published. The examples of misleading claims come from every direction. Students are graded on the method, never on the conclusion. Teachers get short, paid summer training and ready-made lesson kits.
- Bring people into the same room. Fund local, well-run forums where a random cross-section of residents studies a real local problem with good information and makes recommendations, the way citizens' assemblies do. In 2019, Stanford's "America in One Room" brought more than 500 voters from across the country together for a weekend. Afterward, support for the most polarizing proposals on both sides dropped, and people felt less hostile toward the other party. We'd pay people for their time and offer childcare and evening sessions, so the group actually looks like the town. An independent organizer picks the experts, not the council. And the elected body has to answer each recommendation in writing within a set time. Otherwise people will rightly decide it was just for show.
- Start with common ground, then take on the hard topics. Every forum, class and community conversation should start where people already agree, like safe streets, good schools, fair prices and fixing what's broken. Build trust there first. The harder, more divisive topics come later, once people have worked together and know each other as neighbors instead of labels. This document is built the same way: the shared ground comes first, and the hardest questions come near the end. Moderators get trained to keep hard conversations honest without letting them turn into fights. The path gets published from the start, so people know which hard topics are coming and roughly when, and nobody thinks they're being dodged.
- Pass the wisdom on. Pair retirees and experienced workers with young people through paid mentorships, apprenticeships and skills exchanges at libraries, schools and union halls. Experience is a national resource and we should treat it that way. Mentors get a modest stipend so they aren't used as free staff. Each placement has written learning goals, and employers commit ahead of time to interview or hire the people who finish.
- A voluntary paid service year. Conservation, wildfire crews, disaster recovery, caregiving, rebuilding infrastructure, community building or the military. Teams would deliberately mix people from different places and backgrounds. People who have worked side by side have a hard time seeing each other as enemies. It pays a living wage plus a bonus, like tuition help or a down payment on a first home, so it isn't only for people who can already afford a year off. Service roles add to existing jobs and never replace them, and every project has results you can see and measure.
- Support local news. Local reporting is the source people across the spectrum trust most, and it's been disappearing. We should back it in ways that keep government out of the newsroom. Two states already show how. New York's 2024 credit pays back half of the first $50,000 of a local reporter's salary, up to $300,000 per newsroom, at about $30 million a year. Illinois's 2024 law pays up to $15,000 per newsroom job and supported more than 260 local reporter jobs at over 120 outlets in its first year. A national version would follow the same rules. A refundable credit for hiring local reporters and for local subscriptions, open to for-profit and nonprofit outlets, with no say for government over what gets covered. The credits are automatic for anyone who qualifies, so no official picks winners. A cap per newsroom sends most of the money to small outlets, and simple audits screen out fake sites set up to collect it.
- Feeds that work for us. People should have real control over what their social media feeds show, including a simple option that isn't ranked by outrage. Large platforms would have to offer a feed in time order or limited to accounts you chose, show that choice plainly when you sign up and remember it once you pick it. Audits check that the plain feed isn't made worse on purpose. This doesn't touch what anyone is allowed to say. It just gives you control over how your own feed is sorted.
What we can do without Washington.
- Host "across the table" dinners and small-group conversations in homes, congregations, libraries and fire halls, using simple, free guides.
- Pair up with someone who votes differently and commit to one honest conversation a month.
- Support local news with subscriptions and tips, and start community newsletters where papers have closed.
- Hold wisdom-sharing nights where older residents, veterans and tradespeople teach what they know.
The strongest objection. "You can't make people talk nicely, and government shouldn't try to shape how people think." That's fair. It's why nothing here tells anyone what to believe. These are invitations and skills, not mandates, and every public program has to pass the other-side test.
How we'll know. Fewer Americans who see the other party as an enemy. Today about 6 in 10 Republicans and over half of Democrats view the other party very unfavorably (Pew, 2022). Our target is to cut that by a third within ten years. More people who find political conversations useful instead of stressful. In 2025, 57% called them stressful and frustrating and 41% called them interesting and informative (Marist). Our target is a majority finding them useful. We'd also track how many people report a real conversation across political lines in the past year, and how many apprenticeship and mentorship placements there are, measured against today's levels in the first scorecard.
Still open. How big should the service year get, and how fast? What role, if any, should government have with online platforms?
2. Cost of living and housing
The goal. A normal life shouldn't be a luxury. A working family should be able to afford a home, groceries, power and an afternoon out together. A young person should be able to picture owning a home someday.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Too few homes: estimates of the national shortage run from about 4 million to as many as 10 million homes.
- Building is often illegal: in most of the country it's illegal to build anything but a detached single-family house on most residential land. Every extra hearing adds months, adds cost and adds a chance the project dies.
- Rent eats the paycheck: a record 22.7 million renter households, about half of all renters, spend more than 30% of their income on housing.
- Homes sitting empty: nearly 5 million homes are vacant for reasons other than sale, rent or seasonal use. Often it's because repairs cost more than the finished home would be worth.
- Buying keeps getting later: the typical first-time buyer is now about 38 years old, the oldest on record (National Association of Realtors, 2024). Saving a down payment is the biggest hurdle.
- Poverty concentrated in one place: grouping low-income families together cuts kids off from opportunity.
- Too few companies in the food chain: four companies handle about 85% of beef processing, and grocery prices have gone up faster than a lot of other costs.
Why it matters. Housing is the biggest monthly bill for most families, and in much of the country it's outrun wages. A record 22.7 million renter households, about half of all renters, spend more than 30% of their income on housing (Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2026). In most places the root cause is simple. We haven't built enough homes where people need to live, because local rules, slow permits and high building costs make it hard. Estimates of the shortage run from about 4 million homes (Freddie Mac, Zillow) to as many as 10 million (White House Council of Economic Advisers, 2026).
Everyone pays for it. Young people put off starting families or leave the towns they grew up in. Teachers, nurses and firefighters can't afford to live where they work, so commutes get longer and local services struggle to hire. Helping people buy or rent without building more mostly pushes prices higher, which is why we put building first. Where places have made building easier, it works. After Minneapolis and Minnesota loosened zoning, rents in Minneapolis grew far more slowly than in the rest of the state (Pew Charitable Trusts, 2024). Austin built a lot after 2020 and saw rents fall from their peak.
What we propose.
Build more homes of every kind. Make it legal and fast to build starter homes, duplexes, townhomes, backyard units and apartments near jobs and transit. Reward towns that build, with infrastructure money for roads, water and power. Homes that meet the written rules get approved by right, without a hearing where someone can just say no. Small lots, small units and less required parking are what make starter homes affordable to build, so those rules matter as much as density. Every town's permit times and approval rates get published, and the reward money is tied to homes actually finished, not plans.
Fix up the homes we already have. Millions of homes already exist but sit empty or unlivable because fixing them costs more than they'd sell for. The Census Bureau's 2024 American Community Survey counted 14 million vacant homes. The biggest group, nearly 5 million, are "other vacant." They're not for sale, for rent or seasonal, and they're often waiting on repairs, stuck in an estate or just neglected. Fixing them up is often faster and cheaper than building new. It uses the roads, water and power lines that are already there, and it brings life back to the blocks around them. Here's how we'd do it:
- A rehab tax credit that covers the gap between what a repair costs and what the finished home is worth. It would follow the bipartisan Neighborhood Homes Investment Act (Reps. Mike Kelly, R-PA, and John Larson, D-CT), which would cover up to 50% of rehab costs for owner-occupied homes in struggling areas.
- Simpler, cheaper renovation mortgages, so buyers can pay for the house and its repairs with one loan.
- Land banks that clear up messy titles and back taxes on abandoned homes and get them to people who'll fix them and live in them.
- "Rehab codes" that hold old buildings to sensible standards instead of making every repair meet new-construction rules.
People who'll live in the home come first, not investors flipping it. The full credit only goes to homes sold to or lived in by an owner. There's a cap on the sale price, a payback rule for quick resales, and payment only after the finished work passes inspection.
Help first-time buyers, together with more building. Down-payment help and fair mortgages for first homes, timed with new homes coming on the market so higher prices don't just swallow the help. Help is only released where new homes are actually being added, and it grows as more homes get built. It comes with fixed-rate loans and plain-language counseling so nobody gets pushed into a loan they can't carry.
Mixed-income neighborhoods, not concentrated poverty. Grouping low-income families in one place is unfair, and it leads to isolation, crime and fewer chances to get ahead. We should spread affordable homes through ordinary neighborhoods and treat renting as a normal choice, not a failure. We'd pay for affordable homes with bonuses, like extra density and faster permits, instead of just requiring them. A bare mandate can make projects stop adding up, so fewer homes of any kind get built. Affordable units look the same and use the same entrances. Children whose families moved to lower-poverty neighborhoods earned about 31% more as adults (Chetty, Hendren and Katz, 2016).
Homes for people who live here. Let towns tax whole homes that are rented to tourists most of the year, or left empty. Leave alone the people who rent a room or their own home now and then. Platforms report their listings so the rule can be enforced. Each town sets its own rate, and owners renting one extra unit are exempt or taxed lightly. This frees up some homes, but it can't fix a shortage by itself. It works alongside building.
Stop homelessness before it starts. Emergency rent help, supportive housing with services for people who need it, and treatment and job support, instead of moving people from one block to the next. In a Chicago study, people who got one-time emergency money when they called a homeless hotline were 76% less likely to end up in a shelter (Evans, Sullivan and Wallskog, Science, 2016). We'd fund the programs that show people are still housed a year later, and move money away from the ones that can't.
Everyday costs. Lower utility bills (see 8), healthcare (see 4) and childcare (see 3). Groceries too. A handful of companies now control much of the food chain. USDA researchers find it's gotten much more concentrated over four decades in seeds, meatpacking and food retail. Four companies handle roughly 85% of the country's beef processing, and the 20 largest retailers sold 64% of all food in 2019. The FTC reported in 2024 that grocers' revenues grew faster than their costs during and after the pandemic. It went to court to block the Kroger–Albertsons merger, which fell apart in late 2024. We'd enforce antitrust law in food the same way we would anywhere else. Farmers should have more choice of who to sell to. We'd support new local processors, co-ops and regional grocers with faster merger review, start-up loans and shared facilities. And we'd publish the gap between what farmers get paid and what shoppers pay. The goal isn't to break up everything big. It's to block deals that raise prices and keep the market open to newcomers.
What we can do without Washington.
- Show up at city council and planning meetings to support new homes. The loudest voices there are usually the ones blocking them.
- Start or join community land trusts and housing co-ops that keep homes affordable for good.
- Congregations, nonprofits and employers can build workforce housing on land they already own.
- Push for local ballot measures on zoning, backyard units and short-term rental limits. Most housing rules are local anyway.
The strongest objection. "Building more changes the character of my town, and local control matters." It does matter. Towns keep control over design and where growth goes. What they shouldn't be able to do is block homes altogether while their own kids can't afford to live there.
How we'll know. Homes finished (not just approved), rent and home prices compared with incomes, the share of buyers who are first-time buyers, homelessness and commute times.
Still open. Should capital gains rules change for homes that aren't someone's main residence? Our answer for now is no special rule. The general changes in section 6 (a 3-year line for the lower rate, and wage-level rates on very large gains) already apply to second homes and rentals. Raising the tax on selling them would mostly make owners hang on longer, which keeps homes off the market (economists call this "lock-in"). The local tax on full-time short-term rentals and empty homes is the better tool, because it rewards putting homes back to use instead of punishing the sale.
3. Community, childcare and family time
The goal. Every town has places where people actually spend time together. Families belong in ordinary public life. And parents can work without childcare eating their whole paycheck.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Loneliness: the Surgeon General compared the health risk of lacking social connection to smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day.
- Less time together: Americans spent about 47 minutes a day socializing in person in 2003 and about 35 minutes in 2025. The biggest drop is among teenagers and young adults.
- Fewer free places to gather: union halls, leagues, lodges and main-street shops have thinned out. Public buildings that taxpayers already paid for sit locked most evenings and weekends.
- Red tape for small events: a group that wants a Thursday market may need separate permits for the street, food, music, tents and insurance, from different offices. Most volunteers give up.
- Childcare costs like college: in 2024 the national average for one child was about $13,000 a year (Child Care Aware), more than in-state tuition in many states. Meanwhile care workers average around $15 an hour, and a lot of them leave.
- The after-school gap: school ends around 3:00, most jobs end at 5:00 or later, and juvenile crime peaks in those hours.
- No time to recover from birth or illness: about a quarter of American mothers go back to work within two weeks of giving birth.
- Care split across agencies: the same family can be juggling a toddler, a teenager and an aging parent through three agencies with three sets of forms.
Why it matters. Loneliness and isolation are real health problems, not just sad feelings. The U.S. Surgeon General's 2023 advisory compared the health risk of lacking social connection to smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day. The World Health Organization's Commission on Social Connection (2025) linked loneliness to about 871,000 deaths a year worldwide.
We're spending less time together. In federal time-use surveys, Americans spent about 47 minutes a day socializing in person in 2003 and about 35 minutes in 2025. The biggest drop is among teenagers and young adults. Part of the reason is that a lot of the places where people used to gather for free have thinned out. Union halls, bowling leagues, church basements, lodges, main-street shops and parks with a reason to stick around. Sociologists call these "third places," somewhere that isn't home or work. When the only places to meet cost money, people with less money, and families with kids, stay home.
The after-school gap. School usually ends around 3:00, and most jobs end at 5:00 or later. Federal crime data have long shown that violent crime by juveniles peaks right after school on school days, in the afternoon hours when a lot of kids are on their own. The Afterschool Alliance found that for every child in an after-school program, many more would join one if it were there. In 2014, parents of 19.4 million children not in a program said they would sign their kids up. For working parents, those hours mean leaving work early, paying for care they can't afford, or worrying about a kid home alone.
What we propose.
- Make community events easy. Simple permits and small grants for Thursday night markets, holiday festivals, music in the park, clubs, repair cafes and county fairs. The more fun people have out in their community, the more they want to be part of it. One simple, cheap permit would cover small recurring events, with set hours, a cleanup plan and a contact person. A city or county umbrella insurance policy covers what volunteers can't on their own. Organizers who keep causing problems lose the simple permit.
- Open what we already own. Keep school gyms, libraries, workshops and community halls open evenings and weekends, with the staff and insurance to do it. A state insurance pool takes after-hours liability off each school's budget, and money for custodians and upkeep comes with the extra hours.
- Welcome families, by invitation. Help businesses that want to welcome families. For example, a few cafes could share a play corner the way many Swiss towns do. This is never a mandate. Adult-only and quiet places are fine too. Small grants and shared liability coverage help the businesses that opt in.
- Free places to be. Parks, shade, benches, public restrooms and safe crossings, so social life doesn't depend on buying dinner. Every new project comes with ten years of maintenance money, so restrooms don't get locked and parks don't run down. Build first where there's the least now.
- Childcare people can afford. Affordable, good care for kids under five, with real choice, including support for families who care for their kids at home. After-school programs that cover the 3:00 to 5:30 gap with homework help, mentoring, sports, arts and clubs instead of screen time. Raise care workers' pay and fund training first, then expand help to families. More money without more workers just means longer waitlists and higher prices. Keep room for small in-home providers, and reach parents who stay home through the child amounts of the basic income (see 5). After-school programs get federal matching money to stay open until 6:00, with rides for rural kids. They're staffed partly by service-year members, retirees and local tradespeople.
- Time to show up. Predictable schedules and paid family leave, so people actually have time to be part of a community. Fourteen states and Washington, DC now have paid family and medical leave or have passed it. Most offer 12 to 20 weeks for a new child, a sick family member or your own serious illness, paid for by a small payroll premium. California's program is the oldest (2004). It helped mothers breastfeed longer and helped less-educated mothers the most. One study did find it widened pay gaps for some first-time mothers, which is why job protection and leave for fathers matter. Here's our design. A national floor of 12 weeks, paid through a small shared payroll premium of about 1% of wages, split evenly between worker and employer. That's in line with state programs, which charge about 0.5% to 1.2%. Lower-wage workers get more of their pay replaced. Jobs are protected. Each parent gets weeks they lose if they don't use, and states that already do more can keep doing more. Leave is paid from a shared insurance pool, not by each employer, so a small shop doesn't end up paying a worker's wages twice. Very small businesses get help with temporary staffing. On a $50,000 salary, a 1% premium is about $500 a year, half paid by the worker and half by the employer.
- Care, as one system. Childcare, after-school programs, help for people with disabilities, care for aging parents and support for family caregivers (see 19) are usually treated as separate programs with separate rules, waiting lists and paperwork. For a family it's one problem. Who looks after the people we love while we work, and who looks after us when we need it? We'd plan and pay for them as one system. One place to apply. Care that fits real schedules, like school holidays, night and weekend shifts, rides for rural families, and kids and adults with disabilities. Breaks for family caregivers. And a care workforce that's paid and trained well enough to stay. Families keep real choice, including caring for someone at home themselves. Only the front door, the paperwork and the planning get combined. Providers stay local and varied, so this doesn't turn into one big, slow agency. Providers get paid more for night, weekend and rural care.
What we can do without Washington.
- Start night markets, block parties, seasonal festivals and play corners in cafes. None of it needs permission from Washington.
- Set up childcare co-ops and babysitting swaps with neighbors.
- Businesses can add kid-friendly spaces and flexible hours, and we can reward the ones that do with our business.
- Libraries, parks and congregations can open their spaces for free family programs.
The strongest objection. "Government shouldn't run community life or raise our kids." It shouldn't, and this doesn't. Everything here is voluntary, local and chosen by families. Government's job is to clear the obstacles and keep the lights on.
How we'll know. People who come back to events and programs, how much people say they feel they belong, childcare cost as a share of family income, and whether parents can work the hours they want.
Still open. How much of childcare should be public, and how much should go to families as direct support they can use however they choose?
4. Healthcare and mental health
The goal. Everyone can see a doctor, get mental health care, see a dentist and fill a prescription without going broke. Medical decisions are made by patients and their doctors, not by insurance companies.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Costs far above everyone else: Americans spent about $14,800 per person on healthcare in 2024. That's nearly twice the $7,900 average of other wealthy countries, and we live shorter lives.
- Hundreds of payers, hundreds of rulebooks: in the spending researchers could measure, administration takes about 34% in the U.S., roughly double Canada's 17%.
- Profit from saying no: insurers make more when they pay out less, and 93% of doctors say prior authorization delays care. Under our plan, every denial needs a clinician in the same field to sign it with a written reason. There's a fast independent appeal with hard deadlines, hours for urgent care and days for routine care. Wrongful denials carry penalties. And network rules are enforced, so insurers can't just shrink their networks instead.
- Coverage tied to a job: change jobs or lose one and you can lose your doctor.
- Prices nobody can see: hospital prices in markets with one hospital run about 12% higher than in markets with four or more (Cooper and colleagues, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2019). Prices should be posted in one standard format with a simple lookup tool and real fines for hiding them. And when hospitals buy up doctors' practices, that should get the same merger review as hospital mergers.
- Paid by the procedure: more tests and procedures pay more, whether or not they help.
- Too few doctors where people live: Congress capped the residency slots Medicare pays for in 1997, and more than half of U.S. counties have no psychiatrist.
- Middlemen on every prescription: about $41 of every $100 spent on retail drugs goes to companies between the drugmaker and the patient.
Why it matters. Markets work well when you can compare prices and walk away. You can't do that in an ambulance or after a cancer diagnosis. In 2024 Americans spent about $14,800 per person on healthcare, nearly twice the $7,900 average of other wealthy countries (Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker), and we still live shorter lives than people in those countries. We also lose coverage when we change jobs and fight denials we can't make sense of. National health spending reached $5.3 trillion in 2024, 18% of the whole economy (CMS).
What we propose.
- Direction: one public payer, done carefully. One public plan covers everyone in the country. It comes in two waves, each starting as soon as the systems are proven ready, and it pays in full for all medically needed care. Doctors, clinics and hospitals stay independent. Private insurers stop selling coverage for anything the public plan covers, and no insurer decides anyone's care. To be clear about what's firm and what isn't: the commitment is care for everyone that's timely, affordable and decided by patients and doctors. One public payer is how we think we get there best. If the evidence from the early years showed another way working better, we'd change the route, not the goal. We also have to learn from other countries' mistakes. Some are slow to adopt better treatments. In some, public dental plans still pay for older filling materials instead of newer, safer ones. We won't copy that. Private plans can still sell coverage for truly elective care the public plan doesn't cover, like cosmetic surgery.
- Fix the whole system, not just who pays. Changing
who writes the check isn't enough. A lot of what makes American
healthcare expensive and maddening is the machinery around the care.
- Paperwork and middlemen. A 2020 study in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that administration ate about 34% of the U.S. health spending it could measure, roughly double Canada's 17%. Billing departments, coding, claims fights and marketing all get paid for out of premiums. One standard claim form, one set of billing rules and one price list for each service would cut a lot of this whether or not we reach single payer. We'd make those standard rules a condition of getting paid by any public program, which covers most of the market. Several hundred thousand people work in billing, coding and claims, so retraining, job placement and wage support come with the change. Many of them can move into care jobs that are short-staffed.
- Profit from saying no. Insurers make more when they pay out less, so denials and delays become a business model. The biggest, UnitedHealth Group, reported about $14 billion in profit in 2024. In the American Medical Association's survey, 93% of doctors said prior authorization (getting the insurer's permission first) delays care. About a quarter said it had led to serious harm for a patient, like a hospital stay, permanent damage or death.
- Doctors told what they can prescribe. Insurer drug lists ("formularies") and "step therapy" make patients fail on a cheaper drug before they're allowed the one their doctor picked. Doctors should make medical decisions with their patients. Coverage rules should be public, based on evidence and written by clinicians, not by whoever profits from the answer. Where a cheaper drug works just as well, doctors get plain comparisons of cost and evidence when they prescribe, instead of insurer roadblocks.
- Prices nobody can see. Hospital mergers have raised prices in a lot of regions. We'd enforce real price transparency, block mergers that raise prices, and stop extra "facility fees" for the same visit just because a hospital owns the clinic.
- Not enough doctors and nurses. Fund more residency slots, especially in rural areas and primary care, and let nurse practitioners and pharmacists do what they're trained to do. Tie extra slots and loan forgiveness to years in rural or primary care. Training a new doctor takes about a decade, so nurse practitioners and telehealth help sooner.
- Paying for health, not volume. Today providers get paid by the procedure, so more procedures pay more. We'd shift toward paying for keeping people healthy, especially in primary care. Primary care would get a flat amount per patient, adjusted for how sick patients are so nobody avoids the sickest. Pay would be tied to results like controlled blood pressure and fewer readmissions, with audits of coding so patients aren't marked sicker than they are.
- Insurers can't overrule your doctor. This starts now, under the system we have, and it applies to any future public payer too. Clear, public, evidence-based coverage rules replace hidden ones. Whatever gatekeeping remains is honest and out in the open.
- A guaranteed path for new treatments. Proven new treatments, drugs and materials get covered on a fixed timeline. Keep funding research. Review outdated practices on a schedule. "Proven" means real evidence of benefit, judged by independent reviewers. CBO estimated in 2022 that drug price negotiation would mean about 1% fewer new drugs over 30 years. Keeping public research funding strong matters more than high prices do.
- Protect people during the switch. Nobody loses care in the middle of treatment. Rural hospitals are protected. Workers in billing and insurance get retraining and help finding new jobs. Nobody gets moved until the public plan is running for their group. Taxes only start when coverage starts, and every household sees its premium savings right next to its tax change. In the first years, employers get a tax credit for passing the premiums they stop paying on as wages. We protect access to care, not every building. Some hospitals may become clinics with emergency care.
- Mental health is health. Bring it together with regular doctors, train more people to do it (especially in rural areas), pay for addiction treatment and build crisis care (see 14). Raising people's basic standard of living also prevents a lot of mental illness, although extra income alone isn't treatment. We'd expand training and loan help first and phase in benefits as the workforce grows, so new coverage doesn't just mean longer waits.
- Dental, vision and hearing are included, not treated as luxuries. Untreated tooth, eye and hearing problems cause pain, lost work and isolation, and a lot of people go without just because their coverage leaves them out.
- Lower drug prices through negotiation and competition, and a hard look at the middlemen. USC's Schaeffer Center found that of every $100 spent on retail prescription drugs, about $41 goes to the companies in between the drugmaker and the patient. That's wholesalers, pharmacies and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs, the companies that run drug benefits for insurers). For insulin, the PBMs' share more than doubled between 2014 and 2018, from about $6 to $14 per $100. Middlemen also make far more on cheap generic drugs than on brand-name ones. We'd require PBMs to pass discounts on to patients, ban pay tied to a drug's list price and stop PBMs from steering patients to pharmacies they own. Launch prices would count in negotiations and be compared with other countries, so drugmakers can't just raise prices on new drugs to make up the difference.
What we can do without Washington.
- Support community health centers, free clinics and medical debt drives that buy up debt for pennies on the dollar and cancel it.
- Use price-lookup tools and cash-price clinics, and spread the word about providers with fair prices.
- Employers can join or start direct-contract and cooperative health plans that cut out the middlemen.
- Push state ballot measures and state public options, which states can pass on their own.
The strongest objection. "One payer means one point of failure, long waits, higher taxes and less innovation." These are real risks, and other countries show where they come from. Canada has fixed hospital budgets and 30-week median waits. Britain's hospitals are overfull. Taiwan's politicians have kept its trust fund short. Our answer is built into how the plan runs. Hospitals get paid for the care they deliver, not a fixed budget. Hospitals keep spare beds, and long-term care is inside the system. Wait-time guarantees come with the right to get care somewhere else at the plan's expense. Independent actuaries, not politicians, set the trust fund's rate, and real medical advances earn higher prices. Taxes go up, but premiums, deductibles and copays go away, and we show the net effect for typical families before asking anyone to support it.
What it would cost. By our estimate, one public plan saves about $0.62 trillion a year. About $0.50 trillion of that is paperwork and insurer overhead and $0.12 trillion is drug prices. We don't count any savings from fraud until audits show them. That pays for most of covering everyone in full, including the uninsured, dental, vision, hearing and long-term care, which adds about $0.82 trillion. So total national health spending goes up about 4%. New federal spending is about $2.5 trillion a year, and nearly all of it replaces what families and employers already pay in premiums and out-of-pocket costs. It's paid through a separate health trust fund. Employers pay 6.5% of payroll. States keep paying their Medicaid share. Households pay 8% of income up to $125,000 for a single person or $200,000 for a couple, and 16% above that. The first $25,000 per adult is exempt, and each parent's rate is 0.25 points higher for each child. The general budget adds about $110 billion a year to keep the middle rate low. A family of four earning $80,000 pays about $6,700 a year less than today. A single worker earning $60,000 pays about the same, about $350 more, until their employer passes on its premium savings. The full model, the cautious and optimistic cases, and the lessons from other countries are in Healthcare for Everyone.
Studies from different points of view land in the same range. The Congressional Budget Office's 2020 study of five single-payer designs found federal spending would go up by $1.5 to $3.0 trillion a year by 2030, while the country's total health spending would change by anywhere from $0.7 trillion less to $0.3 trillion more. The free-market Mercatus Center (2018) and the Urban Institute (2019) both put the federal cost of the Sanders plan at about $32 trillion over ten years. Mercatus's own numbers showed total national spending falling slightly if providers were paid Medicare rates. A Yale team writing in The Lancet (2020) estimated national savings of about 13%, roughly $450 billion a year, and about 68,000 lives saved each year. One of its authors advised the Sanders office. Before we ask anyone to sign on, we'll have our design scored independently, for example by the Penn Wharton Budget Model or RAND.
How we'll know. The uninsured rate, medical debt, wait times, out-of-pocket costs, life expectancy and how long it takes new treatments to get covered.
The path: everyone, in two waves. Healthcare can't wait for the economy to change, so it comes first and fastest. The dates are targets. Each wave starts only when published readiness tests are met.
- 2027: pass the law and start building capacity right away: residency slots, nursing school seats and community health centers.
- 2028: build the systems on Medicare's claims platform, issue a national health card, set the first national price list and enroll everyone automatically.
- Wave one, aimed at January 2029: everyone under 27, everyone uninsured, and everyone on Medicaid, CHIP or the ACA marketplace. That's roughly 160 million people. Pregnancy care is covered for anyone pregnant, whatever their age.
- Wave two, aimed at January 2030: everyone else, including job-based coverage and Medicare. Employer premiums end the same day the employer contribution starts, so no business pays both.
- Why two waves: the claims system and the price list prove themselves on half the country first. Each wave starts only when the claims system has handled its full volume for six months, the price list has been public for a year, everyone in the wave is enrolled, enough providers have signed on in every region and the trust fund has its reserve. If a test isn't met, the wave moves back six months at a time, and nobody loses coverage in the meantime. Medicare enrolled 19 million people in 11 months in 1966. HealthCare.gov failed on its first day in 2013. So we should expect one or both waves to slip about a year.
- What's covered: everything medically needed, paid in full. Doctors, hospitals, prescriptions, mental health, maternity, dental, vision, hearing, rehab, home care and long-term care. Only truly elective care, like cosmetic surgery with no medical reason, is left out. Screenings like colonoscopies are covered in full.
Still open. Where the household contribution's upper rate starts and how smoothly it phases in, the exact wait-time guarantees, and the short list of truly elective procedures.
5. Work, income and automation
The goal. As AI and automation do more of the work, everyone shares in the gains through a secure income floor, better pay and more free time. Nobody falls through the floor when technology changes their job. People have room to find meaningful work, learn a trade, care for family, make art or start something.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- The first rungs are disappearing: employment for 22- to 25-year-olds in the jobs most exposed to AI fell about 13% compared with less-exposed jobs (Stanford, 2025).
- Nobody knows how fast or how far: forecasts range from a lot of churn with net gains to real net losses of 6 to 30% of U.S. jobs. Help that's passed after the damage is done always comes late.
- Help that punishes earning more: means-tested programs come with paperwork, stigma and benefit cliffs where a raise can leave a family worse off.
- Benefits tied to one employer: health and retirement depend on a full-time job, which leaves tens of millions of gig and contract workers with little or nothing.
- Little say when work changes: about 10% of workers belong to unions, down from about 20% in 1983. Most workers find out their job is automated once it's already gone.
- Retraining that leads nowhere: a lot of past federal programs trained people for jobs that didn't exist where they lived.
- The 40-hour week hasn't moved since 1938: productivity has multiplied since then, but workers haven't gotten any of those gains back as time.
- Barriers to starting something: new business formation fell for decades, and occupational licensing now covers roughly a fifth of workers.
Why it matters. AI could change work faster than anything since the industrial revolution. Nobody knows exactly how fast, which jobs or how many, and honest forecasts disagree.
- A lot of churn, uncertain net. The World Economic Forum's 2025 survey of employers worldwide expects about 92 million jobs to be displaced and 170 million created by 2030. Goldman Sachs estimates that generative AI could affect the equivalent of 300 million full-time jobs worldwide, with a quarter to half of the work in exposed jobs able to be automated. Other forecasters, like Forrester and PwC, expect real net losses in the U.S., ranging from 6% of jobs by 2030 to 30% at risk by the mid-2030s.
- It's already hitting the youngest workers. A 2025 Stanford study of payroll data found that employment for 22- to 25-year-olds in the jobs most exposed to AI fell about 13% compared with less-exposed jobs, and nearly 20% for young software developers, while experienced workers held steady. Entry-level office, customer service and coding jobs are the first rungs being pulled out.
- The hardest work to automate is physical and personal. Trades, care work, repair and hands-on service jobs are expected to grow.
Not knowing is a reason to build protections now, before the hardship is undeniable, and to time each step to what actually happens. That's why the basic income has yearly checkpoints and the automation tax rises automatically with unemployment (see 6).
What we propose.
- A universal basic income. A floor that protects people's dignity and freedom. You don't have to be unemployed to get it, and it never phases out. Universal means universal. Every adult gets the same payment, starting at $500 a month and scheduled to rise $125 a year toward $1,000 as the money allows, within a published borrowing limit (when to expect it is below). Every child adds the full $250 a month from day one, and $125 for a family's fifth child and each one after. It's paid to the caregiver monthly, like the 2021 child tax credit was, because bills come monthly. It isn't clawed back as income goes up. Fairness comes from the tax system as a whole (see 6). It goes on top of every existing program, so nobody loses food assistance, disability or other help, and nobody has to sign up for it. It starts alongside fixes to housing and healthcare, so the money doesn't just get swallowed by rent and medical bills. Who qualifies: citizens and lawful permanent residents (green card holders) who live in the U.S. Other legal residents qualify after living here five years. The law says plainly that it doesn't count against eligibility for any program and can't be used to justify cuts. It's paid mostly from new revenue, with limited, published borrowing in the early years and an automatic backstop if that borrowing keeps growing. Local rents are tracked from the first month. Where rents jump, the answer is faster building and the renter protections in section 2, not a smaller payment.
- A shorter standard workweek, as an open goal. Nobody will be told to work less. Instead we'd change the incentives step by step, so employers find it worth hiring more people for fewer hours each, while hourly pay goes up enough that take-home pay holds steady. Full benefits come with a shorter week. The main tool is overtime. We'd lower the federal overtime line step by step from 40 hours toward 32, and maybe 30, and narrow the exemptions that leave many salaried workers with no overtime at all. The 40-hour week itself came from the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act, which stepped down from 44 hours partly to spread work across more people. The line only drops as fast as wages, the income floor and lower health and housing costs can keep take-home pay whole. It phases in by business size, and hard-to-hire jobs like firefighting and nursing get longer timelines. Universal healthcare also takes the medical half of workers' comp off employers' books, while injured workers keep their wage replacement.
- Paid public work that matters. Rebuilding infrastructure, restoring land, wildfire prevention, caregiving. Fair wages and real results, not make-work. Pay is fair but not above the local market, so it doesn't pull workers away from local employers. These jobs add to existing crews and never replace them. The Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s employed about 3 million young men and left trails, parks and fire roads we still use today.
- Training that leads to jobs. Apprenticeships and retraining tied to real openings, especially in trades that are hard to automate. We'd only fund programs where employers commit to interview or hire. Providers get paid partly on results, and more for results with people who face bigger barriers. Programs built around a specific industry work. Project QUEST participants in San Antonio were earning about $5,000 a year more nine years later.
- Benefits that follow you. Portable benefits for gig and contract workers, so health and retirement don't depend on one employer. Every company pays the same small contribution for every hour or job worked into an account the worker keeps, no matter what the worker is called. That takes away the reason to play games with labels.
- Why this helps the whole economy. Money in the hands of working and lower-income families gets spent at local businesses, which supports more jobs. Economists call it the multiplier effect. It's real but it has limits. Moody's Analytics estimated that food aid and unemployment benefits generated roughly $1.60 to $1.70 of economic activity per dollar during the Great Recession. The Congressional Budget Office's range for payments to lower-income people runs from about $0.40 to $2.10. The effect is biggest when the economy is weak and smallest when it's running hot.
- Workers' voice. We support unions and the right to organize. Unions exist because workers need someone in their corner when employers treat them badly. The goal is workplaces fair enough that workers rarely have to fight for the basics, with unions that also focus on training, safety and partnership. That means faster, fairer union elections and real penalties for illegally firing organizers. Essential services keep their notice and arbitration rules.
- A say in how technology changes your job. Security alone doesn't give people bargaining power. When a large employer brings in automation that will cut or reshape a lot of jobs, workers should get advance notice, something like 6 to 12 months for big changes. They get a real say in how the change is rolled out, first claim on retraining and new roles, and a share of the savings through training, shorter hours, profit sharing or severance. The decision to use the technology stays with the employer. The workers affected get a seat at the table and part of the gain. It only applies above a certain size, like 100 workers. It covers work sent overseas as well as work that's automated. And it's never a veto.
- Own a share of what you build. Make it easy for workers to buy into the companies they work for, if they want to. About 6,500 U.S. companies are already owned through employee stock plans, covering roughly 14 million workers. A lot of small-business owners are getting close to retirement with no plan to pass the business on. We'd give them a simple, tax-favored way to sell to their employees or to a co-op, with low-cost loans and plain advice for the workers buying in. Independent valuation and training help workers avoid overpaying, and their retirement savings stay spread out alongside the ownership.
- Make it easier to start something. A basic income and healthcare that doesn't depend on a job take away two of the biggest risks of starting a business. We'd clear out the rest of the barriers that don't protect anybody. One simple online license for most small businesses. Licensing rules for trades that only require what safety needs. Small loans through community lenders. Affordable shared space for workshops and kitchens. And a fair shot at government contracts, with fast payment so small suppliers aren't carrying the government's bills.
- What success looks like for the basic income. We'll say ahead of time how we'll judge it, including the uncomfortable results. Success means less poverty and hardship, more financial stability, and more people able to choose their work, care for family, train or start something. Some people will work fewer paid hours, as the pilots found. We count a voluntary drop in paid hours as fine when it comes from caregiving, school, a better job search or rest from overwork. It stops being fine if it leaves essential jobs like nursing, firefighting, farming or care work short-staffed, shrinks the tax base enough to put the funding at risk, or hurts young people's long-term job prospects. Each of those gets measured at every checkpoint, and any one of them is a reason to pause the next step.
What we can do without Washington.
- Fund and run local guaranteed-income pilots, the way cities, counties and charities already have, to build real evidence.
- Reward employers that pay fairly, offer 32-hour or four-day options and share profits, and tell them why we chose them.
- Support worker-owned co-ops and employee ownership plans.
- Start skill-sharing and apprenticeship networks so people can retrain as AI changes work.
The strongest objection. "A basic income is unaffordable, and it will make people stop working." Both halves deserve a straight answer.
What it costs. At launch, with adults at $500, it's about $1.75 trillion a year. At the full amounts, $1,000 a month for about 255 million eligible adults is about $3.06 trillion a year, and $250 a month for about 72 million children adds about $0.22 trillion. That's about $3.3 trillion in all, roughly 10.6% of the economy (Census 2025 counts, citizens and permanent residents). For scale, the whole federal budget was about $7.4 trillion in 2026. That gross number overstates the real burden, because most households pay some of it back in taxes and still come out ahead. That doesn't make the taxes smaller. They still have to be raised in full, and Paying for it shows each one.
How we'd pay for it: many sources, one step at a time. No single tax covers it. It's built in layers, and each one is explained in section 6.
- Taxes on the very top: the top rate back to 39.6% above about $400,000, gains taxed like wages at the top, a 28% corporate rate and closed loopholes.
- The America Fund: each year, large public companies put a small slice of their shares (1.5%) into a fund that every American owns together. The fund pays everyone a dividend, the way Alaska's oil fund does. It starts small and grows over time, and as AI makes companies worth more, everyone shares in it.
- A small toll on rapid-fire trading and AI: a tiny tax on very fast trading, and an automation tax on large companies whose payroll shrinks as they replace workers, plus a tax on AI sales that rises if unemployment rises. If unemployment plus underemployment stays above 12%, a jobs trigger raises the automation tax, freezes VAT increases and has the general budget cover the health fund's lost wage contributions.
- A broad tax most households pay: a sales-style tax (a value-added tax, or VAT) that starts at 10% the day the first payments arrive. That's half the rate in the UK and France. It only goes up if the plan's borrowing passes its limit and keeps growing. Counting every new tax and the end of premiums, a family of four earning $80,000 is about $18,000 a year ahead in the first full year. A single worker earning $60,000 is about $1,200 ahead, or $2,600 once the employer passes on its premium savings, and about even in the cautious case with adults at $500 and a 22% VAT. We keep the middle lighter on purpose. The health contribution is 8% up to $125,000 for a single person. The full standard deduction stays below $100,000 and phases down to half above that, because the basic income protects the first dollars a family earns. Stacked together, the plan's taxes take about 41 to 50 cents of a $60,000 worker's next dollar, compared with about a quarter today. But today's number leaves out the premiums that hold down every paycheck (see "All the taxes, added up" in Paying for it). Social Security and other benefits that rise with inflation are protected from the price bump, and the plan pays for that.
- Nothing taken away: every existing program stays, and the basic income goes on top.
If AI's gains come slowly, adults may get $500 a month through most of the 2030s. $1,000 is the goal. Children get the full amount from the start. For adults, programs come first, with a guardrail. Adults are scheduled to go up $125 a year from $500 in 2029, which would reach $1,000 in 2033 if money were no limit. But money will be a limit. The plan can borrow to keep to that schedule until its added debt reaches 3% of GDP. Above that line, the next step waits. If the debt keeps rising, the VAT goes up 3 points a year until the account balances, then comes back down once the debt is paid back. An independent office checks the line every year, and payments never go backward. In the slower cases the steps slow down within a few years and the VAT reaches 22% around 2034. If AI's gains are modest, the services wait too, at 60%. If AI wipes out jobs without raising growth, the guardrail sends the bill to a bigger automation tax.
Here are the honest trade-offs. The plan borrows in the open in its early years and pays the interest. How fast it gets to $1,000 depends on AI. And the money from the top-end taxes goes to the basic income, so the other commitments share the same guardrail. Services go first, phasing in from 2029 to 2033, and the cash steps wait their turn when money is tight. With everything counted, adults reach $1,000 around 2037 if AI's gains are transformative and around 2042 if they're substantial. They stay at $500 if the gains are modest. The full math is in Paying for it.
Will people stop working? The evidence says mostly no. In the largest U.S. study, OpenResearch (2024), people who got $1,000 a month for three years worked about 1.3 fewer hours a week than a comparison group and got pickier about jobs. Most of the extra money went to food, rent and transportation. Trials with an end date can't tell us what a permanent national program would do, which is why each step has checkpoints.
How we'll know. Poverty, financial stability, hours worked, job quality, new businesses started, caregiving and health.
Still open. How fast pay rises after the move to 32 hours, and how to adapt it for round-the-clock jobs like firefighting, nursing and farming.
6. Taxes, budget and debt
The goal. A tax system where the people who've gained the most pay their fair share, working families aren't squeezed, and every promise here is paid for honestly.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- The top pays lower rates than workers: counting the growth in their wealth, the 400 wealthiest families paid an average federal income tax rate of about 8% from 2010 to 2018.
- Buy, borrow, die: the biggest fortunes can borrow against their stock to live on, never sell, and pass it on with the gain wiped out.
- A dollar from work taxed more than a dollar from investing: in 2022 the top 1% got about 22% of all income, and more and more of it comes from sources taxed less than wages.
- Taxes owed but never paid: the IRS puts the tax gap at about $700 billion a year. Much of it is income that nobody else reports to the IRS.
- Short-term trading rewarded like real ownership: something held one year gets the same low rate as something held for decades.
- Debt growing faster than the economy: the debt passed $40 trillion in 2026, and interest now costs more than defense.
- Promises without a way to pay: every plan, this one included, is tempted to promise more than it can afford.
Why it matters. A lot of the very wealthiest Americans pay lower tax rates than nurses and electricians. Most of their wealth grows as investments that get taxed lightly, late or never. When the growth in their wealth is counted, the 400 wealthiest families paid an average federal income tax rate of about 8% from 2010 to 2018 (White House Council of Economic Advisers, 2021). Meanwhile every plan, including this one, is tempted to promise more than it can pay for.
This matters beyond fairness. When the people with the most pay the least, everyone else carries more of the load, trust in the system wears down and the pressure to borrow grows. Borrowing has a price too. Interest crowds out everything else. And if inflation is used to shrink the debt, that's a quiet tax on every paycheck and savings account.
What we propose.
- Tax the very top more, on real money. Higher rates on very high incomes and on investment gains at the top that are actually sold, so a dollar from investing isn't taxed far less than a dollar from work. Rates only apply to the part of income above the line. Income is averaged over a few years, so one good year selling a business doesn't push an ordinary owner into the top bracket. Rate increases come together with closing the routes that income gets shifted through, because a higher rate with open loopholes mostly just makes work for tax planners. The top rate goes back to 39.6% above about $400,000, and income above $1 million pays 44.6%. Stacked with the health contribution and the Social Security change, that takes about three quarters of a top earner's next dollar. That's close to the point where higher rates bring in less money, not more. Past that, we ask more of the top by widening what gets taxed instead of raising rates again, and we count about $190 billion a year less from the top than the separate estimates add up to.
- No tax on unrealized, on-paper gains. Taxing people every year on paper increases in value doesn't work and isn't fair. It forces people to sell farms and family businesses to pay tax on money nobody has actually received. That rule leaves one big hole, "buy, borrow, die," and we close it two other ways. One is carryover basis on very large estates (below). The other is treating very large loans against stock that has gone up, above $10 million, as a sale, because it turns the gain into cash without selling.
- Close the loopholes. Go after tax shelters, offshore games and the tricks that let the biggest fortunes pass on untaxed. Inherited gains: for nearly everyone, keep today's rule, where heirs aren't taxed on gains that built up before they inherited ("stepped-up basis"). That fits our rule of no tax on paper gains. The exception is very large estates. There, heirs keep the original purchase price ("carryover basis") and pay capital gains tax when they actually sell, so the biggest fortunes can't grow for generations without ever being taxed. We'd set the line at $5 million per person, adjusted for inflation, so it only reaches about the largest 1 in 200 estates. Here's what's at stake. Congress's Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that today's stepped-up basis rule costs about $73 billion a year (2026), and most of that benefit goes to the largest estates. A carryover rule above $5 million would win back a good part of that, roughly $25 to $35 billion a year once it's fully in place, and the tax only comes due as heirs actually sell. Gifts during life and trusts count toward the line, and a simple default value applies when old purchase records are missing.
- Reward owners, not gamblers. The lower long-term capital gains rate starts after 3 years instead of 1. Gains on things held less than 3 years are taxed like wages. For households with more than $1 million of income, all gains are, except founders' small-business stock (kept under Section 1202) and the sale of a business or farm the seller actually ran. Very fast trading pays a tiny transaction tax, high-frequency order spam pays a cancellation fee, and very large short positions pay a small yearly charge. Short selling is taxed, not banned, because short sellers often catch fraud first. See Paying for it. Income is averaged over several years when setting the $1 million line, so people can't just time their sales. The trading toll starts low, around 0.01%. It applies to U.S. persons wherever they trade and to derivatives that do the same thing, and it only goes up if trading costs for ordinary investors stay low.
- The America Fund: every American a shareholder. Each year, public companies worth more than $1 billion add 1.5% of their shares to a public fund. No cash changes hands, but it isn't free. Existing shareholders own about 1.5% less each year, which can affect share prices and how companies raise money. The fund holds the shares and pays everyone a dividend from a set yearly draw, the way Alaska and Norway do. It can't vote politically or pick winners. It builds on the 2025 federal stakes in Intel and others and on Trump Accounts for newborns. It's the most reliable way to make AI pay its share, because Americans automatically own a growing slice of the AI companies. How big it gets: in today's dollars, the fund keeps its shares and pays out 80% of its cash income. That pays about $17 a month per person in year 5, $38 by year 10 and $73 by year 20, while it grows into a permanent public stake worth roughly $28 trillion. All of its cash goes toward the basic income, for adults and children alike. Those figures come from a company-by-company model of the roughly 1,920 listed companies above $1 billion. It assumes stock prices grow about 3% a year after inflation and a 1.5% dividend, and the fund keeps 20% of its cash income as a reserve. Selling shares to pay a bigger dividend would pay more early on but leave a smaller permanent fund. Private companies are left out of the fund but still pay the automation tax. The figures are after inflation, include the cap and need an independent check. The full model is in Paying for it. The rule goes by where a company's sales and workers are, not where its paperwork is filed, so moving the legal home overseas doesn't help. It phases in between $1 billion and $2 billion so there's no cliff. The fund only votes to match other shareholders, can't pick winners and has a board kept away from politics. If the courts block the share contributions, large companies pay a cash tax on profits instead that raises about the same amount.
- A public development bank. Borrowing should build things that pay their way. We'd expand an existing federal lender, like the Federal Financing Bank, to make loans for housing, power lines, water systems and transportation projects that pay the loans back. Each $100 billion of public capital can support roughly $500 billion of loans. Loans, losses and borrowing are all shown in the open, and household benefits are never dressed up as loans. How much money it starts with, and where that comes from, is still being worked out.
- Paying for the basic income: a mix, not one giant tax. The basic income costs about 1.75trillionayearatlaunch(250 a month per child and $500 per adult) and about $3.3 trillion once adults reach $1,000. It's paid for by a lot of pieces together. The capital gains changes and loophole fixes above. The top rates (39.6% above about $400,000 and 44.6% above $1 million). The corporate rate back to 28%. A standard deduction cut to half above $100,000 (it stays in full below that). The America Fund. The automation tax below. The trading toll. And a VAT starting at 10% (about $0.68 trillion, or $68 billion a point). At launch the plan borrows roughly $0.3 to $0.6 trillion a year, inside a guardrail. Once its added debt reaches 3% of GDP, steps wait. If the debt keeps rising, the VAT goes up 3 points a year, up to 22%, until the account balances. Only the cash the America Fund actually pays out is counted, and borrowed money is never counted as revenue. These are all our own estimates and need an independent model. How the guardrail works for the other commitments is still being worked out. See Paying for it.
- Make automation pay its share. If AI and automation are a main reason we need a basic income, the companies that replace workers should pay a big share of it, not just the companies that sell AI. Companies with over $1 billion in U.S. revenue pay a surcharge when their U.S. payroll falls as a share of the value they create, measured against their own 2022 to 2024 average. A company that keeps or grows its workforce pays nothing, and retraining, shorter hours at the same pay and employee ownership all count against what it owes. Big companies also lose full first-year write-offs for equipment and software that replace workers, so the tax code stops paying them to automate. Large AI companies pay 5% of AI sales, rising when unemployment rises, and giant data centers pay an electricity fee. A simpler option we're weighing is a broad tax on large companies' profits above a normal return on their investment. How much either one raises depends on how big AI turns out to be. By 2037, by our estimate, it's about $35 billion if AI's gains are modest, $242 billion if substantial and $841 billion if transformative. That's why the basic income's guardrail is tested against all of those cases. The surcharge doesn't try to define AI. It looks at what happens to U.S. payroll at large companies. It counts contractors as payroll, so work can't be moved off the books, and small businesses are exempt. AI sold to U.S. customers is taxed wherever the servers are, the same way sales taxes reach online sellers.
- A stronger estate tax. The federal estate tax already exists. We'd make it work on the largest estates, while protecting working family farms and small businesses with real limits, not unlimited loopholes. Only about 4,000 estates owed any estate tax in 2023 (Tax Policy Center). Working farms and businesses could pay over many years, and we'd close trust loopholes like grantor-retained annuity trusts.
- Rein in stock buybacks. Raise the existing 1% tax on buybacks, and bar executives from selling their shares right after a buyback.
- Enforce the law we have. Fund tax enforcement aimed at the highest incomes and complicated dodges, not ordinary families. Audit rates by income get published. Funding is committed for several years at a time instead of being cut and restored every time Congress changes.
- Get serious about the debt. The national debt passed $40 trillion in August 2026. The government ran a $2.0 trillion deficit in 2026, and interest on the debt (about $970 billion in 2025) now costs more than the whole defense budget (Treasury; Congressional Budget Office). The quiet way governments get out of debt is inflation, which shrinks every paycheck and savings account. That's a tax on working people. So we'd put the commitments here first, pay for them honestly and then bring the debt down as a share of the economy. Every new program has its own published funding plan, with real revenue or real savings. Borrowing is only allowed within a published limit, with an automatic backstop that raises revenue if the limit is passed. Interest always gets paid. Borrowed money is never counted as revenue. Lasting gains go to shrinking the debt compared with the economy, with an automatic pause when unemployment rises, because cutting during a downturn makes recessions worse. Services (childcare, home care, schools, housing and the rest) phase in from 2029 to 2033. When money is tight they go ahead of the basic income's cash steps, and they only pause if the plan's added debt passes 6% of GDP. We tested it against four AI cases. The national debt ends 2046 near 95% of GDP if AI's gains are transformative, 131% if substantial and 144% if modest, compared with about 144% on today's path. Holding it steady in the middle cases takes about 1.5% to 2% of GDP in lasting fixes to today's budget, like Social Security's cap change, today's tariff money and health savings once they're proven.
- Cut where the waste is. Start with defense contracting (see 20), duplicate programs and the incentives that reward wasteful spending (see 12), with savings checked by independent auditors. The GAO publishes a yearly list of duplication and overlap, and acting on it has already saved hundreds of billions. Start there instead of with across-the-board cuts.
- One honest budget. Every proposal goes into one shared budget, so the same dollar never gets spent twice. It shows what happens to typical households after taxes and benefits.
What we can do without Washington.
- Publish plain-language guides to where tax money goes, line by line, starting with our own cities and counties.
- Shareholders and pension funds can push companies to disclose the taxes they pay, their lobbying and their buybacks.
- Bank and shop with companies that pay their fair share and don't hide profits overseas.
- Push state tax reforms and ballot measures, since a lot of the biggest loopholes have state versions too.
The strongest objection. "Raising taxes on the top hurts investment, and the rich will just move their money or leave." Some of that is real, which is why enforcement and closing loopholes come first. On growth, the evidence is more reassuring than the objection suggests. A 2012 Congressional Research Service study of U.S. data going back to 1945 found no statistically significant link between top tax rates and economic growth, saving, investment or productivity. It did find that tax cuts were linked to more income going to the very top. A 2020 London School of Economics study of 18 wealthy countries over 50 years found the same thing. Major tax cuts for the rich raised the top earners' share of income without measurably raising growth or jobs. The real limit is avoidance. Very high earners are good at changing how and when they report income, so rates set too high mostly create more tax planning. That's why we pair moderate top rates with closing the gaps between how wages, gains and inheritances get taxed.
How we'll know. The tax rates each income group actually pays, how revenue compares with the estimates, the tax gap, business investment and debt as a share of the economy.
Still open. Exact rates, and how much of the basic income and healthcare costs this side can cover.
7. Education and skills
The goal. Every kid is fed and safe, can read, write, do math and reason, and sees a real path to a good living, whether that's through college, a trade or an apprenticeship. Every adult leaves school knowing how money, loans and contracts work.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Reading is slipping: in 2024 about 40% of fourth graders scored below basic in reading, the most since 2002. A third of eighth graders did, the most ever recorded.
- Teachers keep leaving: about 8% leave every year, often over workload and lack of support as much as pay. Each one costs a district roughly $20,000 or more to replace.
- Promises never paid for: in 1975 Congress promised to cover 40% of the extra cost of special education. It's usually paid around 13 to 15%.
- Too few counselors: the average is about one counselor for every 385 students. The recommendation is one for every 250.
- Testing narrows what's taught: a lot of schools spend weeks a year on test prep.
- Kids don't see the point: tuning out is one of the strongest signs a kid will drop out.
- Borrowing blind: too many students take on debt for programs without knowing what they'll earn. Some programs reliably leave graduates earning less than people who never enrolled.
- Not enough tradespeople: the trades need about 1.7 million new workers a year, and training programs only turn out about 55 for every 100 needed.
Why it matters. We're failing too many kids. In 2024, about 40% of fourth graders scored below the basic level in reading, the most since 2002, and a third of eighth graders did, the most ever recorded (National Assessment of Educational Progress). Teachers are stretched thin. About 8% leave the profession every year, which drives most of the demand for new teachers (Learning Policy Institute). Testing pressure narrows what gets taught. Kids often don't see why math or reading matter. And too many young people start college with no idea what a field is really like. They borrow heavily and spend years and thousands of dollars figuring it out. Meanwhile the skilled trades that hold this country up need about 1.7 million new workers a year through 2035, and training programs only turn out about 55 for every 100 needed (Alliance for America's Skilled Trades).
What we propose.
- Support teachers. Better pay, classroom aides, time to prepare and less paperwork. Make it easy to become a teacher through paid training and apprenticeships, with extra incentives to teach where the need is greatest. Good teachers who stay five or more years in high-need schools get a sizable federal bonus and student loan forgiveness, with outside data deciding which schools qualify. New money is tied to aides and classroom time. Spending gets published school by school, and every new reporting requirement comes with one taken away. Raises come with mentoring and lead-teacher roles that reward skill, not just years served.
- The basics, for every kid. Free school meals, safe schools, counselors and real special education support. The federal and state share covers the full cost, so it's never an unfunded mandate. That includes finally paying the federal share of special education. Fund real kitchens and local food, not just reheated trays, and fund counselor training and loan help to close the gap to one counselor for every 250 students.
- Stop teaching to the test. Keep a few honest measures to spot kids falling behind and to track fairness, and drop the rest. (No Child Left Behind was replaced in 2015 by the Every Student Succeeds Act, but the testing pressure is still there.) Keep reading and math at key grades, published by group so struggling kids can't be hidden, plus school visits by experienced reviewers.
- Learning that connects to life. Hands-on projects that show why the core subjects matter. Budget a school event, build a garden bed, wire a circuit, measure water use, start a small business. Borrow from Montessori and Waldorf methods where the evidence holds up, without adopting either one whole. What the evidence says: Montessori has the strongest support. A national study published in 2025 (Lillard and colleagues, PNAS) used admission lotteries at 24 public Montessori preschools in eight states and DC. By the end of kindergarten, kids who won a seat were ahead in reading, memory, self-control and understanding others. The federal What Works Clearinghouse rated it as meeting its standards "with reservations," because a lot of families dropped out of the study. So it's promising, not proven. Waldorf has very little solid research behind it. We'd borrow its focus on arts, crafts and time outdoors as enrichment and test it, instead of treating it as proven. Every project is tied to specific skills that get checked, and teachers get training and shared lesson plans first.
- More than the main subjects. Clubs, arts, music, sports, shop and outdoor learning, tied back to the core subjects. Activities are free, with no pay-to-play fees, and they're scheduled around the core subjects, not in place of them.
- Help parents help. Plain-language homework guides, translation and tutoring, so helping your kid doesn't take a degree or a free afternoon. Fund intensive tutoring, several times a week in small groups, which has strong evidence behind it, instead of occasional drop-in help. Reach families through teachers, texts and community groups in their own languages.
- Money and life skills for everyone. Interest, loans, credit cards, insurance, taxes, rent and job contracts, taught with real practice. About half the states already require a personal finance course, and studies find better credit scores and fewer high-cost loans among those graduates. Use independent materials, not lessons written by lenders, and real practice like budgeting for a first apartment.
- Know before you borrow. Juniors and seniors get to try out careers. Paid job sampling, job shadowing, time with tradespeople and honest numbers on what each field pays. Before any student loan, students get a plain statement of what the payments would be on realistic earnings. Small tax credits help local employers host students. The goal is an informed choice, so students also see the strong payoff of a lot of degrees.
- Trades as a first-class path. Far more vocational training and apprenticeships for electricians, builders, mechanics, plumbers, welders and more. These workers are the backbone of the country, and their work is some of the hardest to automate. Credits count toward college too, so no door closes. Programs are built with local employers and unions, and experienced tradespeople can teach with simpler certification.
- College that's worth it. Affordable, but not free of all cost, because it should mean something. Clear pricing, credits that transfer and accountability for programs that leave students with debt and nothing to show for it. Tie aid to results and limit it for programs whose graduates can't repay. Judge that by whether graduates can repay, not by who earns the most, so useful lower-paid fields like teaching aren't punished.
- AI in school. Use AI as a tutor and helper, while making sure students still learn to think, write and check facts on their own. Teach AI use openly, test writing and reasoning in class, grade the process as well as the result, and put strict limits on how AI companies use student data.
What we can do without Washington.
- Volunteer as tutors and reading buddies, and mentor juniors and seniors on careers.
- Local businesses and trades can offer job shadowing, internships and apprenticeships.
- Run school board campaigns focused on supporting teachers, real-world skills and keeping kids fed and safe.
- Start after-school clubs and life-skills classes (budgeting, cooking, fixing things) through libraries and community groups.
The strongest objection. "Education is a state and local job, and more federal money hasn't fixed it before." That's mostly true. Federal money here comes with few strings beyond results and openness, and states and districts choose how to deliver.
How we'll know. Reading and math levels, how many teachers stay, students in apprenticeships, completion rates, debt compared with earnings, and adults who pass a basic money skills check.
School choice and charters: case by case. Our first priority is making public schools so good that families want them. Charters and school choice can help where they work. They can also sort kids by income and race and drain neighborhood schools. So any choice program has to show that it improves learning without increasing segregation or leaving the neighborhood school worse off. What the evidence says: results depend a lot on the model. Stanford's CREDO study (2023), covering 29 states, found the typical charter student gained a little more each year than similar students in nearby public schools, about 16 extra days of learning in reading and 6 in math. The gains were biggest for Black, Hispanic and low-income students and for charters run by established nonprofit networks. Stand-alone charters added little in math. Voucher results are more mixed. Louisiana's statewide program led to big drops in math scores in its early years. Washington, DC's program didn't raise test scores but did raise graduation rates, and Florida's tax-credit scholarship raised college enrollment. The lesson is to grow the models with a track record, hold every school that takes public money to the same public reporting, and close the ones that don't deliver.
8. Energy, climate and the grid
The goal. As much clean, cheap, reliable power as we can build, a stable climate for our kids, and electric bills families can actually afford, without punishing rural people or small users along the way.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- A warming climate with rising costs: the eleven years from 2015 through 2025 were the eleven hottest on record. In 2025 the U.S. had 23 weather and climate disasters that each did at least $1 billion in damage.
- Power that costs too much: Californians pay about 35 cents per kWh for home electricity, nearly double the national average of about 19 cents. Some pay over 60 cents at peak times.
- Grids that fail when we need them: Texas's grid collapsed in the 2021 freeze, and utility equipment has started some of the deadliest fires in California's history.
- Utilities paid to build, not to perform: a lot of utilities earn a set profit on whatever they build, so an expensive new project pays them better than a cheaper fix.
- Clean power stuck in line: at the end of 2024 about 2,300 gigawatts of projects were waiting to connect to the grid. That's about twice the size of every power plant in the U.S. combined, and the typical project waited about five years.
- Grid equipment on years-long back order: in 2025 large power transformers took about two and a half years to arrive. Their prices had gone up about 77% since 2019, and supply fell about 30% short of demand (Wood Mackenzie, 2025).
- Cheap, fast cuts left on the table: methane traps about 80 times as much heat as carbon dioxide over 20 years, and about 40% of oil and gas methane could be cut at no net cost (International Energy Agency).
- Pollution priced at zero: the damage from burning fossil fuels doesn't show up in what they cost, so cleaner choices compete on an uneven field.
- Households paying for others' growth: in some regions, the cost of new lines and plants for AI data centers is being spread across household bills.
Why it matters. The climate is changing, and human activity is the main cause. Fire, flood and heat already cost us lives and money every year. In 2025, U.S. billion-dollar disasters added up to at least $115 billion and 276 deaths. The Los Angeles fires alone caused more than $61 billion (Climate Central, which took over the count after NOAA stopped it in 2025).
At the same time, power is too expensive and too unreliable. At California's prices, charging an electric car can cost more than buying gas, even though the electric motor is several times more efficient. That's a failure of how utilities are run and regulated, not of the technology. New solar and wind are now some of the cheapest power ever built. In 2024, 91% of new renewable projects worldwide were cheaper than the cheapest new fossil fuel option. Solar was about 41% cheaper and onshore wind about 53% cheaper (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2025). The power is cheap. Getting it built, connected and paid for fairly is the bottleneck.
The stakes are real for every region. The UN's Emissions Gap Report (November 2025) projects about 2.8°C of warming this century under the policies countries actually have, or 2.3 to 2.5°C if every country keeps its latest promises. It finds the U.S. leaving Paris adds about 0.1°C by itself. For Americans that means longer fire seasons, more deadly heat, rising seas, stronger storms and floods, crop losses and water shortages in the West, and insurance costs going up everywhere. Those are the risks the National Climate Assessment lays out region by region. We're about an eighth of the world's emissions, so our biggest impact is making clean technology so cheap and proven that the rest of the world picks it up too (see 20).
What we propose. A plan in six parts that work together. No one tool is enough by itself. A price on pollution doesn't build power lines, and building power lines doesn't stop methane leaks. Each part is sized against the checkpoints in part six, and affordability gets measured right alongside emissions.
Part one: build clean power and the grid to carry it
- Renewables, as much as we can get: a huge build-out of solar, wind, geothermal and batteries, plus the long-distance power lines to move power from where it's made to where it's used. Geothermal wells on public land get the same quick review that oil and gas wells already get, since the drilling is pretty much the same.
- Get more out of the lines we already have: new high-capacity wires on existing towers can carry up to twice the power without a new route, usually for less than half the cost of a new line (UC Berkeley and GridLab, 2024). Sensors and smarter controls squeeze more out of lines already in use. Utilities have to check these faster, cheaper fixes before asking customers to pay for brand-new lines, and the savings count toward their results (part two). New lines still get built where they're the only way to reach new wind and solar.
- Clear the connection backlog: set deadlines and staffing for connection studies, and study projects in groups instead of one at a time. If connections don't speed up within two years, find out where projects are stuck (permits, equipment, utility staffing or the queue rules). Only add federal backstop authority if the rules are the cause.
- Pay the neighbors: host towns and landowners get real, ongoing payments. New lines follow existing highways and rail where they can, so people share in what's built near them.
- Plan for reliability, not just cheap panels: more renewables need more storage, more connections between regions and some steady power for when the sun goes down and the wind dies. Plan for all three.
- Every proven option, including nuclear: nuclear supplies about 18% of U.S. power and nearly half of its clean power. Keep safe plants running, because closing them usually means burning more gas. New nuclear only gets public money with cost controls, fixed milestones and shared risk. Georgia's Vogtle units came in at about $35 billion, more than double the estimate, and seven years late. Progress on permanent waste storage has to come with any expansion, and new designs only count toward the plan once they're working. The nuclear regulator reviews applications on fixed timelines with enough staff to meet them. Once a design is approved, later plants using it get a shorter review focused on the site.
- Make big new users pay their way: data centers and other large new users pay the full cost of the grid upgrades they need, under one national standard so states don't race to the bottom. The ones that can cut back during peak hours pay less, which helps everyone, and power plants they build on site count toward the climate checkpoints.
- Power lines that cross state lines: the biggest lines cross several states and stall when any one of them says no. National-interest corridors get drawn ahead of time, following highways, rail and existing lines where possible. Each state gets a firm window, about a year, to approve, change or reject a line, with written reasons. If it misses the window, the federal grid regulator decides, using the same landowner payments and environmental standards. The regions that gain from a line pay for it. Every region has to be able to share a set part of its power with its neighbors, so one region's freeze or heat wave can be covered by the next one over.
- Build the grid's equipment here: long-term purchase commitments, standard designs that factories can build in volume, and loans from the public development bank (see 6) help American plants make transformers, switchgear and cable. A shared national reserve of spare large transformers lets a region hit by a storm, fire or attack get back up in weeks instead of years.
- Cheap power at home: rooftop solar and batteries cost roughly two to three times as much here as in Australia, mostly because of paperwork. Permits, inspections and slow utility hookups differ across about 20,000 local offices. Standard systems would get instant online permits, using a free tool hundreds of towns already use, and a standard utility hookup by a set deadline. Small plug-in solar panels for balconies and yards, which are common in Germany, would be legal everywhere under simple safety standards. Towns that move to instant permits get extra infrastructure money, the same reward approach we use for housing (see 2). Community solar gives renters a way in.
- Keep the lights on in fire and storm country: fire stations, hospitals, water plants and shelters in high-risk areas get solar, batteries and the ability to run on their own as small microgrids when the main grid shuts off. Rural towns at the end of long, fire-prone lines can choose a local microgrid instead of rebuilding miles of line when that costs less. People who depend on medical equipment get backup batteries before fire season (see 9).
Part two: fix how utilities are paid
- Profit from results, not from building: work with the states to tie part of each utility's profit to lower bills compared with neighboring states, fewer minutes without power, fewer fires started and faster hookups for clean power. Then utilities look for cheaper fixes first, like better use of existing lines and covered wires, with burying lines where fire risk is highest.
- Guardrails so it can't be gamed: hard safety minimums and inspections so nobody skimps on maintenance. Independent data and public reporting for every score. A gradual phase-in with fair returns for real performance, so investment keeps coming.
- Judge by results, whoever owns it: compare public, co-op and private utilities on the same measures.
- No bailouts without strings: when taxpayers fund or rescue a utility, the public gets something back. That could be an ownership stake, repayment or guaranteed lower rates. California's largest utility went through bankruptcy after its equipment caused deadly fires, and customers and taxpayers carried a lot of the cost. The terms are set ahead of time by law, so every rescue carries the same deal and nobody waits for a crisis to negotiate.
Part three: cut the cheapest pollution first
- Find and fix methane leaks: satellite and on-site monitoring of oil and gas operations, with a fee for every ton leaked. A lot of the fix pays for itself, because the captured gas can be sold. If measured methane doesn't fall within three years, the fee goes up.
- Plug orphaned wells: a lot of abandoned wells have no owner left to pay for them. Money to plug them also creates rural jobs.
Part four: put a price on pollution and give the money back
A carbon fee charges fossil fuel companies for the pollution in what they sell, at the mine, well or port. That way the price of dirtier energy reflects what it really costs. Businesses invest in cutting emissions because they know the price will keep going up, and nobody in Washington has to pick which technology wins.
- How it works: the fee starts at $25 a ton and goes up $10 a year on a published schedule, reviewed at each five-year checkpoint, so nobody's surprised.
- What it costs and raises: the U.S. puts out roughly 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year from fossil fuels. At $50 a ton, the fee would raise roughly $180 to $250 billion a year at first (joint 2018 modeling by Columbia, Rhodium, Urban-Brookings and Rice put it near $180 billion). It would add about 44 cents to a gallon of gas and roughly 2 cents per kWh to power from an average grid, less where the grid is cleaner. The money shrinks as emissions fall, which is the point.
- Most of the money goes back to people: about 70% comes back as equal monthly checks to everyone, shown in the same app or on the same statement as the price people pay, because people feel the pump price every week. At $50 a ton that's roughly $1,500 to $2,000 a year for a family of four. Wealthier households use far more energy, so Treasury and CBO analyses find most households in the bottom half come out ahead with equal checks.
- The rest goes to the people hit hardest: an equal check doesn't cover someone who has to drive 60 miles a day or run diesel equipment on a farm. About 30% goes to a transition fund, for rural drivers and farms first, then coal and oil communities, worker retraining and rural grid upgrades.
- A border fee from day one: energy-heavy imports like steel, aluminum, cement and fertilizer pay a matching fee, and exports get a refund. That way American manufacturers aren't undercut and pollution doesn't just move overseas.
How we weighed the uses. We looked at three ways to use the money. Giving every dollar back as a check is the simplest and the most popular in both parties, but it leaves nothing for the regions and workers who pay the most. Folding the money into the basic income would mean one payment system, but a fee that shrinks as emissions fall is the wrong source for a permanent promise. Splitting it, mostly checks plus a transition fund, keeps most of the money with families while protecting the people an equal check doesn't reach. The risk with the fund is that it becomes a political target, so the law limits its money to the purposes above and it reports publicly.
Part five: a fair transition
- Help the heavy users, leave the occasional ones alone: financing and incentives help heavy commercial users, like landscaping crews and fleets, switch to cleaner equipment. The farmer with an old truck and the person who runs a chainsaw a few hours a year are left alone, and the law says in writing who's exempt. Small engines matter. The California Air Resources Board found smog-forming emissions from small off-road engines like mowers and leaf blowers are now higher than from all the state's passenger cars. One hour of a commercial backpack blower puts out as much as driving about 1,100 miles. Phase it in by type of equipment, with rebates for extra batteries and longer timelines where battery tools can't last a full workday yet.
- Communities and workers: the transition fund in part four pays for retraining and new local industry where coal, oil and gas jobs are going away, and for efficient vehicles and equipment for rural families.
- EV chargers that actually work: partner with private companies to put chargers in towns, apartments, workplaces and along rural highways. Public money goes to the rural routes and apartments that private builders skip. A lot of public chargers are broken at any given time, so public money requires them to be up and working nearly all the time. There are penalties when they don't work, and a new operator if they keep going down.
Part six: targets and accountability
We need a long-term goal and near-term checkpoints. Net zero by 2050 is where we're headed. Five-year checkpoints make sure we're actually getting there, and they force action now instead of leaving it to whoever's in office in 2045. Waiting makes every cut harder and more expensive.
Where we're starting. U.S. greenhouse gas emissions peaked around 2005 and have fallen roughly 17 to 20% since, mostly because power plants switched from coal to gas and renewables. The EPA's latest inventory put 2022 emissions 17% below 2005, after counting what forests and land soak up. About 42% of our electricity now comes from clean sources, roughly 24% renewables and 18% nuclear (Energy Information Administration, 2025).
The checkpoints (cuts compared with 2005; our proposal, to be checked against independent modeling). The 2030 checkpoint is a stretch goal that says what the science asks. The binding checkpoints, with consequences for missing them, start in 2035.
- 2030
- Target: about 60% lower
- What has to be true by then: methane leaks cut sharply; the connection backlog cleared; clean power added each year at least double today's pace; power lines and transformers ordered on a five-year plan; the grid heading for about 80% clean as fast as lines and equipment allow
- 2035
- Target: about 70% lower
- What has to be true by then: grid about 90% clean; most new cars and a lot of new trucks electric; heat pumps standard in new buildings
- 2040
- Target: about 80% lower
- What has to be true by then: clean steel, cement and industrial heat scaling up; most homes on clean power
- 2045
- Target: about 90% lower
- What has to be true by then: any fossil power left only as backup with capture or as an emergency reserve
- 2050
- Target: net zero
- What has to be true by then: the last emissions from hard-to-clean sectors like aviation and some farming balanced out by forests, soils and carbon removal
Why these numbers. Under current policy, independent analysts project U.S. emissions only 26 to 35% below 2005 by 2035. A year earlier that forecast was 38 to 56%. It dropped after cuts to clean-energy tax credits, rule rollbacks and fast-rising demand from AI data centers (Rhodium Group, Taking Stock 2025). Researchers estimate America's fair share of keeping warming to 1.5°C means cutting at least 57 to 63% by 2030 (Climate Action Tracker). That's a measure of fairness, not of what can be built. Our checkpoints aim for what the science asks, about 60% by 2030 and 70% by 2035. Studies of the earlier 50 to 52% goal (Princeton's REPEAT project, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and a six-model comparison in Science) agreed the grid is the key piece and needed about 80% clean power by 2030, so our 2030 milestones are a minimum. Emissions are about 18% below 2005 today. Getting to 60% by 2030 would mean cutting about half of today's emissions in four years, far faster than any year on record outside the pandemic. And transformers take about two and a half years to arrive and grid connections about five. We keep 60% as the stretch goal because it's what the science asks, but we don't pretend the build-out allows it. So 2030 gets judged by what we've built, and the consequences start with the 2035 checkpoint. The real limit isn't ambition. It's how fast we can build lines, connect projects, train workers and replace equipment. That's why permitting (10), the grid (part one) and training (7) come first.
How the checkpoints work.
- An independent climate council: like the UK's Climate Change Committee. It publishes progress every year and recommends each five-year carbon budget ten years ahead so businesses can plan. Its first job is to build and publish its own full model.
- Every sector has its own plan: power, transportation, buildings, industry, farming and land, each one naming who's responsible and what it costs.
- Count it honestly: report actual emissions, not just emissions per dollar of economy, and keep real cuts separate from offsets and removals.
- Affordability is a checkpoint too: each review reports household energy costs and reliability right next to emissions. A plan that cuts emissions while raising bills past what families can handle has failed.
What happens if we miss. A target with no consequence is a wish, so the response grows with the size of the miss. These start with the 2035 checkpoint. In 2030, the first step applies if the build-out falls short.
- Within 5 points: the council names the sectors that are behind, a catch-up plan is due within a year, and the next five-year budget makes up the shortfall.
- 5 to 10 points off: the carbon fee rises faster (for example an extra $10 a ton a year) until we're back on track. Standards get tighter in the sectors that fell behind. Part of the extra money goes to the transition fund so rural and working families aren't hit harder.
- More than 10 points off, or two misses in a row: everything above stays in place, and public pressure ramps up through the scorecard below, naming the worst offenders and moving buying, investing and work toward the leaders.
The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement took effect on January 27, 2026. In January 2026 the administration also announced it would leave the UN climate treaty itself. This plan stands on its own either way.
What we can do without Washington. Every year, people decide where trillions of dollars go. What they buy, where they bank, where their retirement money is invested and where they work. Pointing that money at companies that are cutting emissions changes the incentive without a vote in Washington.
- A public climate scorecard: an independent nonprofit, paid for by members and foundations and never by the companies it grades, grades large companies against benchmarks for their own industry built from the national checkpoints. It counts supply chains, uses audited data, gives plain letter grades, updates every year and lets companies appeal with evidence. New clean-economy companies, like a battery or clean-steel plant, are graded on emissions per unit and on the emissions their products cut somewhere else, so building the clean economy never counts as failing.
- Buy from the leaders: campaigns, apps and local "buy clean" lists point shoppers, cities, schools, congregations and employers toward companies that are on track.
- Narrow, winnable boycotts: a few big laggards at a time, with clear demands, a public way off the list, and demands aimed at owners' decisions, not workers' jobs. Studies find companies mainly change course when a campaign is narrow, public and threatens the brand, so the list stays short.
- Move the money: ask banks, pension funds and 401(k) plans to reward the leaders and vote for shareholder climate resolutions. Pressure works best when it's tied to money, like purchasing contracts and pension votes.
- Local wins: cities, counties, states, utilities and co-ops can adopt the targets themselves, and a lot of them already have.
None of this replaces public action on the carbon fee, permitting and power lines that cross state lines. Regular people move first, and the law locks in the gains.
The strongest objection. "Going green raises costs and hurts working people and rural areas." Done badly, it can. That's why affordability and reliability are part of the goal and get measured at every checkpoint. It's why most of the carbon fee comes back as checks, why occasional users are exempt, and why we pay for the transition instead of forcing it on people who can't afford it.
How we'll know. Average bills compared with neighboring states, minutes without power, fires started by utilities, the share of clean power, emissions by sector, measured methane, how long connections take, power added on existing lines, how long transformers take, home solar permit times, hours critical buildings lose power, how often chargers work, energy costs by income and region, the size of the checks and manufacturing jobs.
Still open. How big a share of its power each region should be able to trade with its neighbors, how farm and land emissions should be counted and rewarded (see 9), and whether the fee schedule should speed up after the 2030 checkpoint.
9. Land, water, farms and rural life
The goal. Healthy soil, clean water, thriving wildlife and forests that don't burn out of control, with farms and rural towns that can make a good living. A farmer who takes up better practices should be treated as a partner, never an enemy.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Thin margins, big risks: farmers who want to try better practices often can't afford a bad year finding out whether they work.
- A river divided on paper: the Colorado River was divided up as if it carried about 16.5 million acre-feet a year. Since 2000 it's averaged closer to 12 million.
- Water "savings" that aren't: when a farm switches to drip irrigation, the runoff that used to feed back into the river stops, and more acres often get planted. So total use can stay the same or go up.
- Forests packed with fuel: a century of putting out every fire, plus a hotter, drier climate, has left tens of millions of acres that need treatment. Wildfires burn about 7 million acres a year.
- Power lines starting fires: the 2018 Camp Fire, started by a power line, destroyed Paradise, California, and killed 85 people.
- Rural towns losing their anchors: 195 rural hospitals have closed or stopped inpatient care since 2005.
- Farmers locked out of their own machines: manufacturers lock tractor software, which means long waits for dealer repairs in the middle of harvest.
Why it matters. Farmers and ranchers are some of the best caretakers of the land we have, but thin margins leave little room to try something new.
Western water doesn't add up. The Colorado River serves about 40 million people and grows much of the country's winter vegetables. In the 1920s it was divided up on paper as if it carried about 16.5 million acre-feet a year. Since 2000 it's averaged closer to 12 million. Lakes Mead and Powell, the two biggest reservoirs, were less than two-thirds full in early 2026, and 2026 was on track to be one of the driest years on record. The rules for sharing the river run out this year, and the seven states couldn't agree, so the federal government is setting the new rules itself. Groundwater in California's Central Valley and other farm regions is being pumped out faster than it refills.
Fire is bigger and harder to fight. Over the last decade wildfires have burned an average of about 7 million acres a year, and federal firefighting alone has cost about $3.4 billion a year (USAFacts, from National Interagency Fire Center data). The agencies that fight them struggle to keep experienced people.
Rural towns are hollowing out. They keep losing hospitals, schools and young people. 195 rural hospitals have closed or stopped inpatient care since 2005 (UNC Sheps Center).
What happens on rural land reaches everyone. Farms grow our food. Forests and rivers supply a lot of our water. Smoke from a fire hundreds of miles away fills city lungs. When a farm fails or a town loses its hospital, the land often gets developed or sits idle, and the know-how that kept it healthy leaves with the people. Treating farmers, ranchers and tribes as partners isn't just fair. It's the only way the work gets done across millions of acres that no agency could manage by itself.
What we propose.
- Pay for results, not labels. Reward farmers for measured improvements in soil health, water use, runoff and habitat, instead of automatically favoring labels like organic or local. Pay for extension agents, field trials and shared equipment so trying a new practice doesn't mean betting the farm. The program is voluntary. It pays per acre for verified results like soil carbon, water holding, less fertilizer runoff and more habitat. Measurement uses sampling and models and is paid for separately. Early adopters get rewarded too, so the people who went first aren't punished for it. Payments are capped per operation, with money set aside for small and new farmers. Practices that keep land producing food come first.
- Water that adds up. Count water savings across the whole river basin, because water saved on one farm can just get used on more acres. Make water plans with farmers, towns and tribes together. Pay farmers for water that actually stays in the river or the aquifer. Existing water rights are protected. Change comes through voluntary, paid deals, like paying farmers to leave land unplanted in dry years, spread across a lot of farms and years, with help for the towns affected.
- Get ahead of wildfire. Treat fuels where it matters most, near homes, towns and critical infrastructure. Do a lot more prescribed and cultural burning with trained crews. Harden homes, keep evacuation routes clear and catch fires earlier. Fix the pay and staffing gap at federal fire agencies (see 12). Only burn in tight weather windows, with experienced burn bosses and holding crews standing by, because one escaped burn, like 2022's Hermits Peak/Calf Canyon fire, can wreck trust for years. Give vulnerable people advance notice and air filters. Adjust smoke rules so planned burns aren't blocked while wildfire smoke goes uncounted. Most homes are lost to embers, so home hardening has to keep pace with forest work.
- Safer power lines. Bury or harden lines in high fire-risk rural areas, picking whatever cuts the most risk per dollar on each stretch of line. Burying lines can cost several million dollars a mile, while covered wire, sensors and fast shut-off equipment often cut most of the risk for far less. Limit power shut-offs, require backup power help for people on medical equipment, and publish each utility's progress on its highest-risk lines.
- Public lands for everyone. Keep public lands public, open for hunting, fishing, grazing and recreation, and manage them for the long haul. A clear rule against large sales of public land protects access, and the parks' maintenance backlog of more than $20 billion gets paid down. Permits or timed entry are only used where crowding is really damaging the land.
- Honor tribal sovereignty. Treat tribal nations as governments with rights, not just one more group to consult. That means formal co-management agreements with clear roles and the money to carry them out, not informal consultation. Tribes managed a lot of these lands for thousands of years, including with cultural burning.
- Keep rural towns alive. Rural broadband (see 10), rural hospitals and clinics (see 4), local schools and small businesses. Focus on a few strong anchors in each region instead of small grants scattered everywhere, with simpler applications for small places.
- Less waste. Products that can be repaired, recycling that counts what's actually reused, and a right to repair your own equipment, including farm machinery. Only allow narrow exceptions for proven safety risks, like emissions controls.
What we can do without Washington.
- Buy straight from local farms, ranches and farmers markets, and join community-supported agriculture shares.
- Restaurants, schools and hospitals can commit to buying local and sustainably grown food.
- Farmers can share soil-health practices through farmer-to-farmer networks, which people trust more than agencies.
- Support rural broadband co-ops and local land trusts that keep farmland in farming.
The strongest objection. "Washington doesn't know my land better than I do." Agreed. This is voluntary, local and built on what farmers already know. The help is there for those who want it.
How we'll know. Soil health, water quality and supply, acres burned in severe fire, homes lost, farm income and rural population trends.
The biggest fixes in how we manage wildfire. These come from the bipartisan Wildland Fire Mitigation and Management Commission's 2023 report (On Fire, nearly 150 recommendations) and from the people who do the work.
- A year-round professional workforce, not a seasonal one rebuilt every spring. Fire seasons now run most of the year, and off-season crews do the fuels and prescribed-fire work that prevents the next disaster.
- Keep experienced people. Pay for all the hours worked on assignment, fair retirement, housing near duty stations, and real mental health and cancer care. Losing a seasoned squad boss costs more than any raise.
- Fix hiring. Faster hiring, credit for experience across agencies and simpler paths from seasonal to permanent jobs.
- A lot more prescribed and cultural burning, with trained crews, sensible smoke rules and liability protection for burn bosses who follow the plan.
- Fuels work across ownership lines. Fire doesn't stop at the line between federal, state, tribal and private land, so the planning and the funding shouldn't either.
- Equal weight on what's built, which was the Commission's core finding. Home hardening, defensible space, building codes and evacuation routes matter as much as what happens in the forest.
- Detection and data. Camera networks, satellites and shared real-time data so fires get caught while they're small.
- Less paperwork, more fire. Cut the reporting and approval layers that keep crews and managers at desks during the season.
These fixes are built into the proposals above and in section 12.
10. Infrastructure and building faster
The goal. A country that can build again. Roads, bridges, lead-free water systems, power lines, broadband and transit, finished on time and on budget, kept up once they're built, and creating good jobs along the way.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Costs far above other countries: the global average for a new rail line is about $350 million a mile. The second phase of New York's Second Avenue Subway is projected near $4 billion a mile.
- Years of review before a shovel moves: repeated studies, lawsuits and redesigns can take longer than building the thing.
- Agencies that can't manage their own projects: low-cost countries keep their own engineers. U.S. agencies often hand design to consultants who make more when projects grow.
- Scope that keeps changing: changes in the middle of a project are one of the biggest causes of overruns.
- Stop-and-start funding: crews get laid off, equipment sits idle and contracts get rebid.
- Putting off maintenance: the American Society of Civil Engineers puts the backlog at about $3.7 trillion over ten years, and letting things fail costs far more than keeping them up.
- Lead still in our pipes and paint: about 4 million homes still get their water through lead pipes, and likely more, since thousands of towns sent in blank counts (EPA, 2025). About 3.3 million families with a child under 6 live in homes with lead paint hazards, and about two-thirds of them are low-income (HUD).
- Dangerous roads: about 40,000 Americans die on the roads every year, far more per person than in other wealthy countries.
- One objector can stall what most people want: repeated hearings and lawsuits can hold a project up for years even when most residents support it.
Why it matters. The Golden Gate Bridge took about four years to build in the 1930s. Today a project like it could take decades of studies, lawsuits and redesigns, and cost many times more. American transit projects cost far more than similar projects in other wealthy countries. The global average for a new rail line is about $350 million a mile, while the second phase of New York's Second Avenue Subway is projected near $4 billion a mile (NYU Transit Costs Project). California's high-speed rail is the best-known example of costs and timelines running away. The causes can be fixed. Endless review cycles, agencies without the experts to manage their own projects, scope that keeps changing and funding that starts and stops.
What we propose.
- Faster permits that still protect people and land. Firm deadlines for reviews, one lead agency per project, early environmental screening, and limits on repeat lawsuits over issues already decided. Faster review should cut duplication, not the duty to understand harm and reduce it. Pay for enough reviewers to meet the deadlines properly. Work with the states so fights don't just move to state courts. And hear communities and tribes early, while their input can still change the design.
- Build know-how in-house. Agencies should have experienced engineers and project managers, so they buy smart instead of letting contractors define the job. That takes competitive pay for technical jobs (see 12), which is cheap next to the billions lost to overruns. Contractors still build. Agencies own the design and oversight.
- Decide the scope early, then stick to it. Use proven standard designs where they work, and plan for moving utilities up front. Any late change needs a public cost estimate, and any exception to a standard design needs a written reason.
- Steady funding. Approved projects get money for several years at a time so they don't stall halfway. Reviews at set points can still stop projects that blow past cost or schedule limits, so steady money doesn't keep failing projects alive.
- Fix it first. Budget for maintenance, so we don't let bridges and water pipes fail and then pay far more to replace them. A protected repair budget is set by the condition of what we own, and condition ratings are published so people can see the progress.
- Get the lead out. No level of lead is safe for a child, and the damage to learning and behavior lasts a lifetime. Replace every lead water pipe within ten years, the whole line from the main to the house, at no cost to the owner. Replacing only the city's half can stir up lead and make the water worse for a while. Homes get free filters and water tests during and after the work. Towns can replace the line at a rental after giving notice when a landlord won't respond. Lead paint gets fixed first in homes with young children, starting with low-income families, through grants to owners and the rehab credit (see 2). It's done by certified crews so the work doesn't spread lead dust. Landlords who take a grant keep rents steady for a set time, so a safer home doesn't price out the family it was meant to protect. Every child gets a blood lead test at ages 1 and 2 (see 4), and a high result brings a free home check. Leaded fuel for small planes ends on the 2030 timeline already in law, and baby food and spices get tested for lead. Each dollar spent on lead pipes and paint returns roughly $1.33 to $1.39 in better health, higher earnings and less crime (Pew Health Impact Project, 2017). Administrations of both parties have now backed the federal rule to replace lead pipes within ten years. What's missing is the money, about $7 billion a year for ten years, which is in the budget's infrastructure line.
- Match transportation to the place. Good roads and ways to get around in rural areas where people drive. Transit and walkable streets where they fit. Reliable EV charging everywhere (see 8). Run existing transit lines more often before building new ones, and build safer street design into every project.
- Broadband for every home, including rural areas, measured by the speeds people actually get. Providers get paid on tested speeds at real addresses, not maps or advertised speeds. Low-cost plans come attached to public money, and the rules are simpler than the $42 billion BEAD program, which took years to start building. Where wires don't make sense, satellite or fixed wireless may.
- Good jobs. Infrastructure work is a big source of skilled jobs, tied to apprenticeships (see 7) and paid public work (see 5). Start training before major projects, not during, so worker shortages don't hold them up.
- Hear everyone, then decide. Faster reviews don't settle the hardest cases, like a town opposing housing the region needs, or a power line crossing land whose owners get little out of it. For those, the rules are set before anyone applies. Clear standards for what can be built where. A set window for people to be heard and to win changes or compensation. A named authority that makes the final call. And a short, fixed period for appeals. People and places that carry real local costs get real benefits, like payments, lower bills or local improvements. Protected rights like water rights and treaty rights stay protected. Everyone gets to take part, but no single objector gets an unlimited veto. The final authority is often a state or regional body that answers to voters, and the public gets shown what changed because of its input.
What we can do without Washington.
- Track local project costs and delays in public, and praise or call out by name.
- Push cities and states to adopt faster, simpler permitting on their own.
- Utility customers and local groups can push for underground power lines and community solar.
- Businesses can host EV chargers and share the revenue, with no federal program needed.
The strongest objection. "Speeding up reviews means cutting corners on safety and the environment." Done carelessly, yes. The goal is to cut the repetition and dead time, not the protection. A lot of reviews are slow because they're understaffed, not because they're thorough.
How we'll know. How long projects take, cost per mile compared with other countries, the maintenance backlog, lead pipes left, children's blood lead levels, broadband coverage and how often chargers work.
Still open: how to reform environmental review (NEPA). The National Environmental Policy Act requires agencies to study a project's effects before approving it. A lot has changed recently. The 2023 Fiscal Responsibility Act set deadlines (two years for a full study, one year for a smaller one) and page limits. In 2025 the White House scrapped the government-wide NEPA rules and let each agency write its own. In May 2025 the Supreme Court ruled unanimously (Seven County Infrastructure Coalition v. Eagle County) that agencies don't have to study every distant, indirect effect and that courts should give them more room. What we'd still do: enforce the deadlines with enough staff to meet them. One lead agency and one combined document per project. More up-front "programmatic" reviews for common kinds of projects like power lines and broadband. A shorter window to sue, for example 150 days. And courts that send flawed reviews back to be fixed without stopping the whole project. Keep the core duty to understand and reduce real harm to water, health and wildlife.
11. Technology, AI and media
The goal. Technology and automation raise the standard of living for the whole country, through income, lower costs, better services and more free time, instead of making only a few people rich. We stay the world leader in new ideas, with safeguards that keep AI and the internet from being used to deceive us, spy on us or make our choices for us.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Gains flowing to a few: a handful of companies control search, app stores, social media and cloud computing. A lot of promising startups get bought before they can grow into rivals.
- Machines deciding with no one accountable: Michigan's automated unemployment system wrongly accused tens of thousands of people of fraud between 2013 and 2015. Most of them couldn't find out why or reach anyone to fix it.
- Fakes and scams: voice-clone scams are already here. In 2024 an AI-generated call imitating the president told New Hampshire voters to skip the primary.
- No federal privacy law: companies can collect and sell detailed data about where we go, our health and our habits.
- Research only giants can afford: training a leading AI model costs hundreds of millions of dollars in computing alone. Most universities and startups can't compete, or even study the most capable systems.
- Creators' work used without permission or pay: writers, artists and musicians see their work used to build products that compete with them, while the courts take years to sort it out. Collective licensing, like the system that pays songwriters when their music plays on the radio, can pay individual creators and not just big rights holders. The rules would apply to AI sold in the U.S. no matter where it was trained.
- Data centers straining power and water: a big data center can use as much power as a small city, and some use a lot of water in dry regions.
Why it matters. Technology is the most powerful tool we have for spreading prosperity. It can also pile up wealth and power in a handful of companies, flood us with fakes and scams, and make big decisions about people's lives with nobody accountable. Lawmakers often don't have the technical knowledge to write good rules, and badly written rules either do nothing or shut out small competitors.
The decisions made about AI in the next few years will shape who benefits for decades. If the gains mostly go to the owners of a few platforms, the rest of the country gets the disruption without the prosperity. That's why this section ties into the income floor (5), the automation tax and the America Fund (6). If the rules are written badly, they either do nothing or lock in the biggest companies by burying small ones in paperwork. And if people can't trust what they see, hear or get told by an automated system, every other public conversation gets harder.
What we propose.
- Push the envelope. Fund basic research, public computing for universities and startups, open standards and strong cybersecurity. Keep the U.S. ahead in AI, chips and advanced manufacturing. Grants lean toward new and smaller teams across regions. Fund shared tools and basic science instead of picking particular companies. Keep basic research open while protecting specific work that's sensitive for security. The internet and GPS both started as public research.
- Standards built with industry, backed by law. Companies, independent researchers, workers and public technical experts write safety and testing standards together. Congress makes the core ones binding for high-stakes uses. What's required scales with the risk and the size of the company. Independent members get real votes, so big companies can't write the rules to suit themselves. Standards get reviewed on a fixed schedule. Following them earns legal protection, but that only covers following the process, never hiding known problems.
- Stricter rules where the stakes are high. AI that makes decisions about health, jobs, loans, benefits, policing or infrastructure needs testing, a named company responsible for it, incident reporting and a real appeal to a person who can change the outcome. Low-risk uses stay free. "High stakes" is defined by what a decision does to a person, not by the technology. Small companies get templates and shared testing. People who review appeals have to have real authority, and how often they change outcomes gets tracked and published.
- Competition. Keep the biggest companies from locking out new ones, through antitrust enforcement and rules that let your data and accounts move between services. Where current law falls short: courts ruled in 2024 and 2025 that Google illegally kept monopolies in search and in online ad technology. But the remedies have been modest and slow, years after the harm. The government lost its case trying to undo Meta's purchases of Instagram and WhatsApp in late 2025. Part of the reason is that it's hard to prove harm from free products, and from buying a young rival before it becomes a threat. Here's what we'd do. Review purchases of fast-growing startups by dominant platforms before they close. Judge harm by lost competition, privacy and quality, not just price. Require that users can take their data with them and that services work together, so people can leave. And bar dominant platforms from favoring their own products in their own stores and search results. Clear rules written ahead of time, like no self-favoring and taking your data with you, work faster than years of lawsuits. Reviews only target purchases by dominant platforms in their own markets, so most startup sales are left alone.
- Honest labels. Clear disclosure for AI-generated media used to persuade, paid political content and bots pretending to be people. Focus enforcement on fraud, impersonation and fake engagement. The rules cover paid persuasion and impersonation, never opinions or satire, and they go after the people who make fakes, not every post.
- Your data, your feed. Real privacy protections, control over what gets collected, and feed options that aren't ranked by outrage. Protect kids from designs built to hook them. Privacy is the default, with simple choices for the few things that matter, instead of consent pop-ups everybody clicks through. Kids get protected through design rules, like no endless scroll on kids' accounts, not ID checks for every user.
- No ID to speak. Nobody should have to hand over ID to post online. A label isn't proof something is false, and an AI detector isn't the final word. Bot networks, repeat abuse and fraud get found by how accounts behave, not by checking everyone's ID. No database of verified users gets created that could be hacked or misused.
- Count the physical cost. Data centers use a lot of power and water. They pay their own way on the grid (see 8) and disclose what they use. Reporting follows one standard with independent checks, and in dry regions local approval looks at the water supply.
- Creators. Clear rules on consent, impersonation and fair pay when AI is trained on people's work. Where the law stands: more than 50 AI copyright cases are pending. In 2025, two federal judges found that training AI on books was "fair use" in the specific cases in front of them, while warning that it could still hurt creative markets. One of the companies paid $1.5 billion to settle claims over pirated books, because using stolen copies wasn't protected. Another court found no fair use where AI was trained to build a direct competitor (Thomson Reuters v. Ross), and the first appeals court ruling on that question is expected soon. California started requiring AI companies to disclose their training data in 2026. Where we stand: don't wait years for the courts. Create a clear licensing path with collective payment for creators, like music has had for a century. Require companies to disclose what they trained on. Let creators opt out. And ban AI copies of a real person's voice or likeness without their consent.
What we can do without Washington.
- A public AI and privacy scorecard grades tech companies on safety testing, data use and honesty, and we choose products based on it.
- Companies can sign on to voluntary safety standards, and buyers like schools, hospitals and cities can require them in contracts.
- Teach AI literacy and how to spot scams in libraries, schools and senior centers.
- Push state privacy and AI-safety laws, which several states have already passed.
The strongest objection. "Any regulation will slow American innovation and hand the lead to China." That's why the rules only go after high-stakes uses and scale with company size. Trustworthy AI is also a competitive advantage. People and businesses use what they can trust.
How we'll know. Productivity and wage growth, scams and fraud losses, appeal outcomes, new startups and privacy complaints.
Still open. How much of AI's gains should flow back to the public, for example through a public share or dividend that helps pay for the income floor.
12. Government that works
The goal. Every department answers for its results, spends carefully and can hire people as sharp as the best private companies. When something fails, we find out fast, fix the cause and say so publicly.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Use it or lose it: federal spending in the last week of the year runs about five times the normal weekly rate, and technology projects bought at year-end are rated lower quality.
- Slow hiring: the federal government takes about 100 days on average to hire someone, roughly twice as long as the private sector, and good candidates take other offers.
- Losing experienced people: federal wildland fire crews lose squad bosses and captains to state and local departments that pay for all hours worked and offer better retirement.
- Poor performance that can't be dealt with: removing a federal employee for poor performance can take months or years, which demoralizes the people doing good work.
- Buying technology the wrong way: thousands of pages of specifications get written before anyone tests whether a system works, and agencies end up stuck with one vendor.
- Mandates that don't work on the ground: rules go out without anyone asking the firefighters, nurses, teachers and clerks who have to carry them out.
- Audits that check spending, not results: most audits ask whether money was spent the way it was approved, not whether it did any good.
- Forms nobody can finish: a lot of people give up on benefits they're entitled to because the process is too hard.
Why it matters. There's real waste in government, and nobody should defend it. Some of it is built into the rules. Agencies that don't spend their whole budget by year's end worry about losing it the next year, which rewards spending sprees at the end of the year. A study of federal purchasing found that spending in the last week of the year runs about five times the normal weekly rate, and technology projects bought at year-end are rated lower quality (Liebman and Mahoney, American Economic Review, 2017). Some waste is a talent problem. A federal wildland firefighter can make far less than a state firefighter doing similar work, so the Forest Service struggles to keep experienced people, and agencies often don't have the experts to manage contracts or technology. And some of it is a partnership problem. Agencies write mandates that make no sense on the ground, and they don't make good use of private-sector know-how.
What we propose.
- Keep what you save. Let agencies keep part of what they can prove they saved, instead of losing it, so careful managers aren't punished. An agency that ends the year under budget keeps a share, something like a quarter to half, of independently checked savings for approved upgrades. Savings only count where service held steady or got better, so leaving jobs empty or skipping maintenance doesn't qualify. Carryover is capped, has a time limit and gets reported publicly.
- Pay to compete for talent. Competitive pay for hard-to-fill and technical jobs, faster hiring, real career paths and the ability to deal with poor performance fairly and quickly. Start with the federal wildland fire workforce. Federal vs. CAL FIRE, on 2026 numbers: Congress made the federal firefighter raise permanent in March 2025, with new pay tables. Starting base pay is now roughly comparable. A federal GS-4 or GS-5 firefighter starts around $48,000 to $53,000 a year in most of the country. A CAL FIRE Firefighter I earns about $4,400 to $5,600 a month, roughly $53,000 to $67,000 a year. The bigger gaps come from how the job is set up. CAL FIRE pays for its standard 72-hour duty week, including extended-duty pay, and offers a state safety pension. A lot of federal crews are seasonal, only get paid for some hours on assignment and get less retirement credit. The gap gets wider at the captain and chief levels. A June 2025 executive order directed the federal wildland fire programs to be combined, and the Interior Department has started building a single U.S. Wildland Fire Service. What we'd do: use that merger to pay for all hours on assignment, turn seasonal jobs into year-round ones, match state retirement and career-level pay, and add housing help near duty stations. Go after the hardest-to-fill jobs first and track whether vacancies and turnover actually drop. Line up pay for similar jobs across agencies. Keep hiring based on merit and tested on real job skills, with real protection against being fired for political reasons.
- Partner with industry the smart way. Field-test private technology against real needs, learn from industry leaders and write requirements around results instead of rigid specs. Never let one company write the rules or lock the government in. Every contract requires open standards, government ownership of its own data and a way out. Officials who manage contracts have to wait a while before going to work for contractors. HealthCare.gov's failed 2013 launch was rescued by a small team of experienced engineers working in short, tested steps.
- Ask the people on the front line. Before a new mandate goes out, test it with the people who have to carry it out. Use a short, fixed testing window with a representative group of workers, keep an emergency path for safety rules, and publish what changed because of their input.
- Audit results, not just spending. Independent audits that track whether programs work. Start with the specific problems the Government Accountability Office has already found, not vague promises about "waste." GAO's 2026 report on duplication lists more than 600 open recommendations that could save over $100 billion. Its High Risk List names 38 areas most open to waste and mismanagement, including weapons buying and federal IT. Fixes made from that list have already saved about $40 billion a year on average. Agencies have to answer each finding publicly by a deadline. Results are judged on several measures with spot checks, so no one number can be gamed.
- Learn from failure. Report problems and near misses without fear for honest mistakes, find root causes and fix the system, instead of just blaming whoever's closest. Hold misconduct accountable. Aviation became one of the safest ways to travel largely because pilots and controllers can report mistakes and close calls without being punished. Expect reports to go up at first. That usually means more honesty, not more problems. And let reviews say so when the root cause traces back to leadership or the rules.
- Open the books. Publish contracts, costs and results. Protect whistleblowers and inspectors general. Publish in standard, searchable formats, put real penalties on retaliation, and make it impossible to fire inspectors general for political reasons.
- Services that are easy to use, online and in person, with a real person available when it matters. Phone and in-person help stays for people without internet.
What we can do without Washington.
- Citizen watchdog groups can track local and state spending and publish easy report cards.
- Use public-records requests and share what turns up.
- Public workers on the front line can share waste and good ideas through safe, anonymous channels.
- Back candidates for local office who commit to publishing results.
The strongest objection. "Every politician promises to cut waste and none of them do." That's true, which is why we don't claim cutting waste will pay for everything. We fix the incentives that create waste and publish the results.
How we'll know. Year-end spending spikes, how long hiring takes, vacancies and turnover in critical jobs, audit findings fixed, and how long people wait for services.
Still open. How much budget flexibility Congress should give agencies.
13. Democracy, elections and courts
The goal. Elections where every eligible citizen can vote easily and every vote is counted securely. Politicians who answer to voters instead of donors. A system that gives independents and new ideas a real chance instead of locking everything into two parties. And courts people trust.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Money we can't trace: outside spending in federal elections has grown from a few hundred million dollars a cycle before 2010 to several billion, a lot of it from sources nobody has to disclose (OpenSecrets).
- Candidates who answer to big donors: candidates who raise mostly from big donors spend their time with big donors and hear what those donors care about.
- Primaries decide most races: most districts are safe for one party. Primary turnout is often 20% or less, and tens of millions of independents can't vote in their state's primaries at all.
- Politicians picking their voters: gerrymandering decides a lot of districts before a single vote is cast.
- Insider trading worries: members of Congress vote on laws and get briefings that can move markets. The 2012 rule to report trades within 45 days is often broken, and the penalties are small.
- Threats to the people who run elections: in 2024, 38% of local election officials said they'd been threatened, harassed or abused (Brennan Center), and a lot of experienced officials have quit.
- A Court seen as political: only 33% of Americans approved of the Supreme Court in July 2026, a record low. Openings come up by chance or by strategy, which turns each one into a war.
- Justice depends on money: in most eviction cases, landlords have lawyers and tenants don't.
Why it matters. Most Americans feel the system doesn't listen to them. Big money floods elections, often from sources nobody has to disclose. In a lot of districts the real contest is a low-turnout party primary, which rewards the most extreme candidates and punishes anyone who works with the other side. Trust in the Supreme Court has fallen. In July 2026 only 33% of Americans approved of the job it was doing, a record low (Gallup). Recent decisions that overturned long-standing precedent have left a lot of Americans feeling the law changes with whoever has the majority.
When people believe the system is rigged, they stop taking part, and the field gets left to the most organized and the angriest. That feeds the same gridlock we're trying to break. Every reform here has to pass the other-side test. A rule that only works when our side runs it isn't reform. It's just the next fight.
What we propose.
- Follow the money. Full, fast disclosure of who's paying for political ads, including through nonprofits and shell companies. Any group spending above a set amount has to disclose its top donors, including where the money really came from when it passes through nonprofits or companies. Paid online influencers are covered too. The threshold is high enough to protect small donors from harassment, and the Federal Election Commission gets restructured so it stops deadlocking.
- Undo Citizens United over time. That 2010 decision can't be reversed by an ordinary law. It takes a constitutional amendment or a future Court ruling. So we push for disclosure and enforcement now while working toward the long-term fix. The amendment should be narrow, covering spending on elections, not news, books or speech about issues. About two dozen states have already passed resolutions calling for one.
- Small donors count more. Match small donations with public money, so candidates can run without leaning on big donors. What's been tried: New York City has matched small gifts for decades (now up to 8 to 1 on the first $250), and its smallest donors look much more like the city as a whole than its big donors do. Seattle mails every voter four $25 "democracy vouchers" to give to candidates. In its first cycle the number of donors roughly tripled, from about 8,200 to 25,000, and they were younger, lower-income and more diverse. Most of the studies so far come from supporters, so we'd pay for an independent one with any national program. Candidates qualify with a minimum number of local donors and agree to spending caps. Donors get verified and audited to stop people using others' names to give. New York City's program costs a few dollars per resident a year.
- No individual stock trading in Congress. Members of Congress, their spouses and dependent children can't own or trade individual stocks while in office. Broad mutual funds, index funds and blind trusts are fine. The ban covers companies and accounts members control, with audits and real penalties. Members can move holdings into broad funds without getting hit with a capital gains bill right away. Polls find big majorities in both parties support this.
- Easy to vote, hard to cheat. Both matter, and they don't conflict. Secure voter ID that's free and easy to get, paper ballot backups and audits, along with early voting and mail options. ID is free and easy to get, including through mobile offices, with a sworn statement or provisional ballot as a fallback. Voters can fix signature and timing mistakes on mail ballots. Audits after elections are standard and independent, with observers from both parties.
- Break the two-party lock. Anything that lets people
take part and feel like their vote matters is worth doing.
- Open primaries, so independents can vote and candidates have to appeal to everyone, not just the party base. Pair them with ranked-choice voting so crowded fields don't split the vote, using designs that have held up in court, like top-two and top-four systems.
- Ranked-choice voting, so you can vote for the candidate you actually like without "wasting" your vote or helping the one you like least. Voters rank candidates in order. If nobody has a majority, the last-place candidate gets dropped and those voters' next choices get counted, until someone wins with a majority. Maine and Alaska use it for some statewide races.
- Independent redistricting commissions to end gerrymandering, so voters choose their politicians instead of the other way around. Membership is balanced and includes independents, hearings are open, and the criteria, like keeping communities together, are clear. Push for a national standard, or for states to adopt it in pairs, so no side disarms alone.
- Term limits for Congress, to bring in new people and loosen the grip of career incumbents and lobbyists. About 8 in 10 Americans support them. Limits should be long enough for people to build real skill, like 12 years in each chamber. They should come with better pay for experienced staff and tighter lobbying rules, because research on state term limits finds power otherwise shifts to lobbyists.
- Local caucuses and town meetings, which bring neighbors together face to face. The weakness is that people who work nights, care for kids or can't get there get left out. So pair them with remote or absentee participation.
- Courts that respect precedent. Only overturn settled law for strong, principled reasons that hold up no matter which side benefits. Binding ethics rules for Supreme Court justices, like every other federal judge has. Court size: keep it at nine. Adding seats whenever one side is in power invites the other side to do the same, which fails the other-side test. Term limits: staggered 18-year terms, with a new justice every two years in odd-numbered years, so every president appoints two per term. Justices who finish their term move to lower courts or senior status. This should be done through a constitutional amendment, so the next Congress can't undo it and the Court can't strike it down. It phases in as current seats open, so no sitting justice gets forced out. Ethics complaints go to a panel of senior judges, and the term schedule gets set before anyone knows who'll be president.
- Access to justice. Legal help for people who can't afford it, especially in eviction and family cases. Where cities have given tenants lawyers, like New York City, most tenants who had one stayed in their homes. Fund legal aid and train non-lawyer advocates for simpler cases.
- Elections run well and settled fairly. The machinery matters as much as the rules. Registration that's automatic and accurate, with regular, careful cleanup of the voter rolls. Paper records of every vote, and routine audits that check a random sample of ballots against the machine count. Protection for election workers, who have faced a wave of threats since 2020, with real penalties for intimidating them, and enough money that counties aren't running elections on a shoestring. Disputes settled by courts and by published rules set before the election, never by whoever holds power at the time. And a peaceful transfer of power, written into law with clear, fixed deadlines for counting, certifying and seating winners, so no official can refuse to certify a lawful result. States keep running elections. Federal money comes with a few clear standards, like paper records and audits, not federal control. Roll cleanup follows published rules, with notice to voters and a chance to fix mistakes. Officials who refuse to certify lawful results face fast court orders and penalties.
What we can do without Washington.
- Ranked-choice voting, open primaries and independent redistricting have all been won through state and local ballot measures.
- Run voter registration and turnout drives that serve everybody, not one party.
- Recruit and support independent and cross-party candidates for local offices.
- Only give to candidates who turn down corporate PAC money, and tell them why.
The strongest objection. "Disclosure and voting rules are just ways for one party to rig the game." That's why every rule here has to pass the other-side test. Would we accept it if our opponents wrote it and ran it?
How we'll know. Trust in elections and courts, turnout, competitive districts, the share of money from small donors and audit results.
How we'd go about it. Caucuses run as hybrids, with in-person meetings plus remote and absentee participation. The order: state ballot measures for open primaries and ranked-choice voting first, then independent redistricting, then disclosure, small-donor matching and election administration through Congress, and the constitutional amendments last.
14. Justice and public safety
The goal. Safe communities. Police who are trained, supported and accountable. A justice system that treats everyone the same. And people who leave prison ready not to go back.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Too many crimes go unsolved: in 2024 police solved only about 6 in 10 murders and fewer than half of all violent crimes. In the 1960s it was about 9 in 10 murders. The odds of getting caught deter crime far more than the length of a sentence.
- Police sent to problems they can't fix: officers handle mental health crises and homelessness they weren't trained for, and those calls too often end in arrest, injury or a night in jail.
- The revolving door: about 7 in 10 people released from state prisons are arrested again within five years.
- Profit from locked beds: about 8% of people in U.S. prisons, and a much bigger share of people in immigration detention, are held by companies paid for every bed that's filled.
- Sentences that cost more than they protect: past a certain point, long sentences add little deterrence and cost roughly $40,000 or more per person per year.
- Overloaded public defenders: a lot of them carry hundreds of cases a year, far above recommended limits, which leads to more innocent people pleading guilty.
- Victims left on their own: many never get counseling, compensation or even updates on their case, and a lot of court-ordered restitution never gets paid.
- Overdose deaths still far too high: they topped 100,000 a year at their peak. They're down sharply since 2023 but still far above where they were a decade ago.
Why it matters. Everyone deserves to feel safe at home and on the street. The good news is real. Violent crime fell about 9% in 2025 and murder about 18%, the biggest one-year drop on record, leaving the murder rate tied for the lowest since the 1950s (FBI preliminary data, 2026). The job now is to keep it falling. Police are asked to handle everything from violent crime to mental health crises and homelessness. A lot of officers weren't trained for those jobs, and no officer can fix them alone. Too many people cycle in and out of jail without treatment, skills or a way forward. Of people released from state prisons, about 7 in 10 are arrested again within five years (Bureau of Justice Statistics). Victims often get little support. And some prisons are run for profit, which sets up incentives that work against rehabilitation.
What we propose.
- Police focused on serious harm. Violence, exploitation, trafficking and theft come first. Good training, supervision and pay, and real accountability for misconduct. Solve more crimes. In 2024 police solved only about 6 in 10 murders and fewer than half of all violent crimes, which left more than 650,000 violent crimes without an arrest (FBI data, via the Murder Accountability Project and Third Way). In the 1960s about 9 in 10 murders got solved. Unsolved crimes wear down trust and deterrence. Hire more detectives, and pay and train officers well. Minor disorder still gets a response, through crisis teams, code enforcement and community programs, instead of being ignored. Clear standards and fair discipline protect good officers too, and they earn the public's cooperation, which is what actually solves cases.
- Mental health crises get a mental health response. Trained crisis teams, places to stabilize people, follow-up care and better training for officers, so police aren't the default for problems they can't fix. 911 and 988 can send trained teams to calls where there's no weapon or immediate danger. There are clear rules for police backup and shared radio. Stabilization centers and treatment give them somewhere to take people. Regional teams and telehealth cover rural areas, and loan forgiveness helps build the workforce.
- Phase out for-profit prisons. Nobody should profit from keeping people locked up. Hold every prison, public or private, to strict standards with independent inspections. Contracts end on a schedule as space allows, paired with the sentencing and reentry reforms that shrink the prison population, so public prisons don't get overcrowded. The same standards apply to private companies running prison phone service, food and healthcare, which often charge families high prices. Where small towns depend on a facility, it gets turned to other uses where possible.
- Sentences that fit the crime. Sentences in proportion to the crime, diversion where it works, and no pretending fraud or exploitation is harmless just because it isn't violent. Keep long sentences for repeat violent offenders, since a small share of people commit a large share of serious crime. Use clear guidelines and published data so similar cases get similar treatment.
- Reentry that works. Education, job training, treatment and help finding housing, so people leave prison ready to work. Start before release, so people walk out with ID, a job lead, treatment and a place to live. People who took part in education in prison were about 43% less likely to go back (RAND). Hiring tax credits, limits on asking about old records for unrelated jobs, and transitional housing break down the barriers.
- Support victims, with services, restitution and a real voice in the process. A state fund pays victims first and then collects from offenders over time. Outreach goes through community groups so help reaches every neighborhood.
- A fair defense for people who can't afford a lawyer. Set caseload limits and match public defenders' pay to prosecutors', with loan forgiveness.
- Legal cannabis. Legalize and regulate cannabis nationally, taxed and age-limited like alcohol, and clear old convictions for simple possession. That takes business away from illegal dealers and frees police for serious crime. What the evidence says: mostly no big change in crime either way. The main peer-reviewed study of Colorado and Washington, using FBI data from 1999 to 2016, found no lasting effect on violent or property crime, other than a drop in burglary in Washington (Justice Quarterly, 2019). A 2021 study found police in Oregon counties solved a bigger share of violent crimes after legalization, which fits the idea that it frees up police time. Impaired driving deserves real attention. Police in Colorado and Washington stepped up DUI enforcement after legalization, and roadside testing for cannabis impairment is still poor, so better tests are part of the plan. Taxes are set low enough to undercut illegal sellers, with labeling, potency limits for some products, and prevention paid for by cannabis taxes.
- Harder drugs. Most stay illegal. The focus is on traffickers, especially fentanyl, with treatment instead of jail for people whose only crime is addiction. Take a serious, evidence-based look at broader decriminalization, learning from where it worked and where it didn't (Portugal's approach, and Oregon, which tried decriminalization and partly reversed it in 2024). Treatment has to be available right there, with real consequences for refusing it. Oregon showed that taking away penalties without enough treatment leads to more public drug use and a backlash. Medication treatment for opioid addiction cuts the risk of death roughly in half. Enforcement goes after supply chains and the chemicals used to make drugs as new synthetic drugs show up.
What we can do without Washington.
- Hire people coming home from prison, and reward businesses that do.
- Support local violence-interruption, mentoring and reentry programs.
- Push cities and counties to send mental health teams to mental health calls.
- Refuse to invest in companies that profit from private prisons.
The strongest objection. "This is soft on crime." It isn't. Freeing officers from calls they can't fix puts more of them on violent crime, and reentry that works means fewer victims down the road. Safety and fairness work together.
How we'll know. Violent and property crime, how many crimes get solved, repeat offending, police response times, use-of-force incidents and victims served.
15. Guns
The goal. Far fewer Americans killed by guns, while fully respecting the right of law-abiding people to own guns for hunting, sport and protecting their homes.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Most gun deaths are suicides: in 2024 about 62% of gun deaths were suicides, 27,593 people, a record. Often it happens in a moment of crisis with a gun from home.
- Violence concentrated in a few places and people: in a lot of cities, fewer than 1% of residents are involved in most shootings, as victims or shooters.
- Guns reaching people already found dangerous: domestic abusers and people in crisis can still have guns, and someone barred from owning one can often buy one privately without any check.
- Trafficking that doesn't get prosecuted: a lot of crime guns move through a small number of straw purchases and trafficking routes, while the ATF has had roughly the same number of agents for decades.
- Programs that start and stop: violence prevention programs lose the trust they built on the street when the money runs out after a year.
- Debates run on assumptions: for about two decades, federal gun research was nearly frozen.
Why it matters. Gun owners and non-owners mostly want the same thing: fewer funerals. The debate gets stuck on gun rules, while the biggest causes of gun deaths get far less attention. In 2024, about 62% of U.S. gun deaths were suicides (27,593 people, a record) and about 35% were homicides (15,364 people), according to CDC data (Pew Research Center, 2026). Most of the homicides are violence concentrated in a small number of neighborhoods and people, plus domestic violence. Those are problems with causes we can work on.
What we propose.
Treat the causes first. Mental health and crisis care, including the 988 crisis line. Community violence intervention programs that work directly with the small number of people most likely to shoot or be shot. Jobs, mentoring and opportunity in the hardest-hit neighborhoods. Commit to funding for several years at a time, tied to results. Put the roles of police, prosecutors and community leaders in formal agreements. Fund 988 call centers and local crisis services together, because a crisis line only helps if someone answers and there's somewhere to go. What works best, by the evidence:
- Focused deterrence ("group violence intervention"), where police, community leaders and service providers meet face to face with the few groups driving shootings, offering help and promising swift consequences. It has the strongest record. A systematic review of 50 controlled evaluations by Braga and colleagues found about a 23% drop in crime overall, and 16% in the randomized trials, with the biggest effects on gang and group gun violence.
- Intensive mentoring with pay and therapy for the highest-risk young men, like Advance Peace in California and READI and CRED in Chicago. Evaluations found fewer violent-crime arrests for participants and drops in gun violence in Advance Peace cities, though the city-level studies are less rigorous.
- "Violence interrupter" programs like Cure Violence have mixed results. A Brooklyn site cut gun injuries in half, and Baltimore sites running ten years or more cut homicides about a third. But a major Chicago study found no effect on homicides. They work when they have messengers people trust, mediation in the moment and steady case management. They fail when the money starts and stops.
- Fixing up vacant lots and abandoned buildings cut gun violence nearby in randomized trials in Philadelphia, and it's cheap.
Fund what has evidence behind it, require independent evaluation of the rest, and keep the money steady so good programs don't have to be rebuilt from scratch every year.
Make safe storage free and easy. Most youth gun suicides and accidents involve a gun from home. A tax credit or voucher covers most of the cost of a safe or lockbox, with free locks at gun shops and police stations. Outreach goes through hunting groups, ranges and veterans' organizations, because messages from gun owners people trust matter more than the money. Only the purchase gets recorded, never the gun, and quick-access safes count.
Keep guns from people a court has found dangerous, including domestic abusers, through extreme-risk orders with due process: notice, a hearing and a time limit. About 21 states and DC have these laws. Studies in Connecticut and Indiana estimated roughly one suicide prevented for every 10 to 20 orders. Hearings come within days with a high standard of evidence. False claims get penalized. Guns can be stored with a licensed dealer or a trusted relative, and they come back automatically when the order ends. Getting mental health treatment alone never triggers an order.
Background checks on every sale. Most gun owners support this. In Pew's 2021 survey, about 7 in 10 gun owners, and nearly 9 in 10 non-owners, favored background checks for private sales and gun shows. Transfers within a family and temporary loans for hunting or self-defense are exempt. Checks are free and fast by phone or app, so rural sellers don't need a dealer. The existing ban on a federal registry stays, and approved check records get destroyed quickly, as current law requires.
Enforce the laws we already have, especially against straw buyers and gun trafficking. Pay for ATF agents and focus on the small number of dealers repeatedly linked to crime guns, not the honest ones.
Fund honest research on what reduces gun deaths, open to findings that surprise any side. Include researchers gun owners trust, publish the data openly, study defensive gun use too, and commit ahead of time to drop any policy here, including ones we support, if the evidence shows it doesn't work.
What we can do without Washington.
- Gun owners lead on safe storage, with free lock and safe giveaways and safe-storage nights at gun shops and ranges.
- Gun shops and ranges can offer suicide-prevention training and temporary storage for people in crisis, like a lot of them already do.
- Hunters and shooting clubs can mentor young people in handling guns responsibly.
- Support local violence-prevention groups that work on the root causes.
The strongest objection. "Criminals don't follow laws, and every new rule mostly burdens responsible owners." That's why this starts with causes, focuses on the small number of people who are dangerous, and requires every rule to show that it actually reduces deaths.
How we'll know. Gun suicides, homicides and accidental deaths, guns stolen and how many people store guns safely.
Still open. Rules on specific types of weapons, permit requirements and waiting periods.
16. Immigration
The goal. We're a nation of immigrants, built by brave people from everywhere looking for a better life, and we keep welcoming them through a legal system that works. A border that's secure and humane. And a hard line against the traffickers who exploit people.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Years of waiting: the immigration court backlog was still about 3.4 million cases in late 2025, with average waits near two years. That rewards breaking the rules and leaves real refugees in limbo.
- The front door barely opens: for some family categories from Mexico, India and the Philippines, the legal wait is more than 20 years, because yearly limits have barely changed since 1990.
- Millions without status: about 11 to 14 million people live here without legal status. Many have been here more than a decade, working, paying taxes and raising children who are U.S. citizens.
- Drugs through the ports: most fentanyl is smuggled through official ports of entry, often by U.S. citizens, hidden in vehicles.
- Exploited workers: employers who hire off the books and take advantage of people's status undercut honest businesses and American workers.
- Following the rules can get you arrested: arrests at hearings and green card interviews are teaching people to stop showing up.
- Expensive detention of people who aren't dangerous: detention hit a record of about 70,000 to 73,000 people in January 2026, most with no criminal conviction, at about $150 or more per person per day.
Why it matters. Almost everyone here came from somewhere else, or comes from someone who did. The first peoples were here thousands of years before the rest of us arrived. Today the legal system is so backed up that people wait years for a decision. The immigration court backlog peaked at about 3.7 million cases in 2024 and was still about 3.4 million in late 2025, with average waits near two years (TRAC, Syracuse University). That rewards breaking the rules and leaves real refugees in limbo. Meanwhile drug cartels and human traffickers profit from the chaos, and employers who exploit undocumented workers undercut honest businesses.
Where the border stands now. Illegal crossings have dropped sharply. Border Patrol made about 237,500 arrests at the southwest border in fiscal year 2025, the fewest since 1970, and fewer than 9,000 a month from early 2025 through at least April 2026 (U.S. Customs and Border Protection). Compare that with more than 2 million a year at the 2022–23 peak. The challenge has moved from the border itself to the backlog, the millions already here, and how enforcement is carried out inside the country.
What we propose.
- Legal paths that work. Clear, fast legal ways to come here to work, join family, study or seek refuge, so people use the front door instead of the back. Numbers are set by real labor needs and reviewed every year. Work visas require market wages and let workers change employers, so they can't be used as cheaper labor that can't leave.
- Decisions in months, not years. Far more immigration judges and case officers, with access to legal help and a fair appeal. Start hiring now and track how fast the backlog falls. Fast and fair beats a backlog that rewards waiting.
- A secure, humane border. Modern technology and enough staff at ports and borders. Due process, decent conditions and families kept together. Scanning at the ports matters more than more wall, with faster scanners and more lanes paid for as trade infrastructure. Rescue beacons and patrols cut deaths on dangerous routes, and custody standards are set and inspected. Detain people who are dangerous or likely to run, and use supervision and check-ins for everyone else. Those alternatives cost a few dollars a day and people show up at high rates. People with lawyers show up far more often.
- Crush trafficking. Go hard after drug trafficking, especially fentanyl, and human and child trafficking. Aim at the criminal networks and their leaders, not at migrants as a group. Follow the money. Financial investigations, working with Mexico and other countries, and a focus on money laundering and supply chains, which are harder to replace than bosses. Trafficking victims who cooperate get protection and visas.
- Protect workers. Crack down on employers who use people's immigration status to pay less and cut corners, which hurts American workers too. Work verification that's universal and reliable comes with protection for workers who report abuse, because if reporting gets you deported, nobody reports. It's paired with legal work visas so farms and builders aren't left without workers.
- A path to citizenship for people who've built their lives here, especially those brought here as kids. A background check, back taxes, learning English and civics, and a place in line. It's paired with a secure border, so we don't end up right back here in twenty years. The 1986 law legalized about 2.7 million people but didn't deliver lasting enforcement, so the problem grew. That's why this path only comes with real border security and employer verification, and why processing gets funded first.
- Rebuild trust. No arrests of people at their own immigration court hearings, check-ins or citizenship appointments while they're following the legal process. Punishing people for following the rules teaches everybody to stop following them. Immigrant communities, including a lot of Latino families who've lived here for generations, need to see the law applied fairly. What's been happening: a May 2025 ICE directive, reported by the New York Times, led government lawyers to ask judges to dismiss cases so officers waiting in the hallway could arrest people for fast-track deportation. Starting in late 2025, ICE also arrested people at green card interviews and fingerprint appointments, including spouses of U.S. citizens with clean records, in San Diego, Cleveland, Salt Lake City and elsewhere. ICE detention hit a record of about 70,000 to 73,000 people in January 2026, and most of the people held had no criminal conviction (ICE data analyzed by TRAC and the Vera Institute). Lawyers report that people are now skipping hearings and interviews out of fear, which is exactly the wrong result. Exceptions need a judge's warrant for serious crimes, and the same focus on people with serious criminal records applies to arrests at homes and workplaces.
- Help people become part of the community. English classes, recognizing the credentials of skilled immigrants, and a clear path to citizenship for those who come legally.
What we can do without Washington.
- Volunteer to teach English and citizenship classes, and help people get ready for the citizenship test.
- Support legal aid so people can go through the legal process instead of around it.
- Report human and drug trafficking tips through the proper channels, and support anti-trafficking groups.
- Welcome new neighbors through congregations, sports leagues and business mentoring.
The strongest objection. "Anything short of strict enforcement encourages more illegal immigration." A legal system that works plus real enforcement is stronger than either one alone. A broken system with decade-long waits is what pushes people to skip the line.
How we'll know. The backlog and wait times, legal versus illegal entries, trafficking prosecutions, worker exploitation cases and immigrant employment.
17. Personal choice
The goal. Adults make their own decisions about their bodies, their health and their lives, from vaccines to abortion, with accurate information to decide well and responsibility for how their choices affect other people.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Rules without explanation or end: during the pandemic a lot of people felt mandates were handed down with no clear reason or end date, and trust in public health fell sharply.
- Lost trust has a cost: measles cases in 2025 hit the highest level in more than 30 years, mostly among unvaccinated children.
- A patchwork on abortion: since 2022, many women travel hundreds of miles for care, and vague exceptions have left doctors in some states afraid to treat miscarriages and emergencies.
- Information people don't trust: people trust their own doctor far more than national agencies, and when public health doesn't speak plainly, others fill the gap.
- Conscience and access pulling against each other: in places with one hospital or pharmacy, one worker's objection can mean no care at all.
- Hard choices at the end of life: in most states, terminally ill adults have no legal option for medical aid in dying, while a lot of them also don't have good palliative care.
Why it matters. A lot of Americans on the right felt their freedom was trampled during the pandemic. A lot on the left feel the same about abortion since Roe v. Wade was overturned in 2022. It's the same feeling underneath. People don't want government making their most personal decisions for them. Freedom also works best when people have honest, clear information and own the consequences of their choices.
These are the decisions people feel most deeply about, and when government gets them wrong, the damage lasts. Mandates that felt arbitrary cost public health the trust it now needs for everything from measles to the next outbreak. Abortion laws written without medical judgment have put women's lives at risk in real emergencies. The same rule, that adults decide unless their choice clearly harms someone else, protects people on both sides of these fights. It only works if it's applied the same way to both.
What we propose.
- Keep government out of private medical decisions. That includes the decision whether to get a vaccine and the decision whether to continue a pregnancy. Freedom for adults doesn't mean leaving children unprotected, so vaccines stay free and easy to get, with honest information from local doctors.
- Abortion. A woman's right to make this decision with her doctor up to fetal viability, roughly 24 weeks. After that, abortion is only allowed to protect her life or health, or in cases of severe fetal conditions. Why viability, and why medical judgment for the exceptions: medical groups like the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists put viability, the point where a baby could survive outside the womb with intensive care, at roughly 22 to 24 weeks. It varies by pregnancy, so the law should defer to the doctor's judgment instead of a fixed week written into statute. About 99% of abortions happen before 21 weeks (CDC). Later abortions are rare and usually involve serious fetal conditions or danger to the mother. Exceptions should be written in medical terms, with no requirement that a woman be near death before her doctor can act. Vague exceptions have made doctors in some states afraid to treat miscarriages and emergencies. How to make it national: since the 2022 Dobbs decision, states set the rules. A national standard would take an act of Congress (on the basis that medical care is interstate commerce), a constitutional amendment or a future Court ruling. In the meantime, state ballot measures have won in states of every political leaning, and that's where the work happens now. Doctors acting in good-faith medical judgment can't be prosecuted. Telehealth and clinics in underserved areas cut down travel for rural women.
- Honest information, easy to find. Plain-language health information based on evidence, from sources people trust, including local doctors and community voices, not just national agencies. Cite the evidence, admit what isn't known and answer real questions honestly, including about side effects. When guidance changes, explain why. Changing course with new evidence is fine as long as you explain it.
- Limits on emergency powers. Public health measures need a clear purpose, evidence, limits and an end date. Any emergency rule, like a closure or a mandate, has to state its goal and its evidence. It expires after a set time unless lawmakers vote to renew it, with short extensions allowed for a stated public reason in a fast-moving crisis.
- Responsibility goes with freedom. You own your choices and how they affect others. Where a choice clearly harms someone else, like a contagious disease in a hospital, reasonable limits apply, spelled out ahead of time. Harm is defined narrowly, as direct, likely and serious, and courts review it, so the test can't be stretched to justify restricting ordinary choices. Temporary limits, like keeping unvaccinated kids out of school during an active outbreak, are written ahead of time.
- Respect conscience. Doctors and nurses with deep moral objections shouldn't be forced to perform procedures, as long as patients can still get timely care somewhere else. The protection is for individuals. The patient has to be referred and able to get care nearby or by telehealth, and emergency care always has to be provided, whatever an institution's policy says.
What we can do without Washington.
- Share clear, honest health information, including risks and benefits, so people can make informed choices.
- Support clinics, counseling and help lines that respect people's decisions.
- Push state ballot measures, which voters in a lot of states have already used on abortion and cannabis.
- Show respect. Disagree about the choice without attacking the person making it.
The strongest objection. On abortion, a lot of Americans sincerely believe it ends a human life, which makes it more than a private choice to them. We respect that conviction, and nothing here forces anyone to take part. But in a free country, we believe this decision belongs with the woman, her doctor and her own conscience, not the government. On vaccines, critics say personal choice puts vulnerable people at risk. That's why we draw clear limits ahead of time where a choice directly endangers other people.
How we'll know. Trust in health guidance, vaccination rates, how mothers fare in pregnancy and childbirth, and access to care.
End-of-life choice. Terminally ill adults who are mentally competent should be able to choose medical aid in dying, with safeguards like those in states that already allow it. That means confirmation by two doctors, a waiting period, and the patient taking the medication themselves. Oregon's law has been in place since 1997, and about a dozen states plus Washington, D.C., now allow it, with New York's law taking effect in 2026. What Oregon's reports show: in 2025, 637 prescriptions were written and about 400 people died after taking the medication, under 1% of all deaths in the state. Most had cancer, followed by neurological and heart disease. A third or more of the people who get the prescription never use it. The most common reasons people give are losing control over their lives and losing the ability to enjoy life, not pain or cost. How safeguards differ: every state requires a terminal diagnosis of six months or less and the mental capacity to decide. States differ on waiting periods (California cut its 15-day wait to 48 hours in 2022, and Oregon allows a waiver when death is close), on whether nurse practitioners can prescribe, and on residency (Oregon dropped its residency rule in 2023). We'd keep two clinician sign-offs, a mental capacity check with a referral whenever there's any doubt, the patient taking it themselves and yearly public reporting, and set a short waiting period that can be waived for patients near death. The law only covers terminal illness, unlike Canada's expansion. The reasons people give get published. And palliative and hospice care are paid for alongside it, so nobody chooses death because good care wasn't there.
18. Family, faith and equal dignity
The goal. Strong families of every shape, freedom to practice any faith or none, and equal dignity and equal treatment under the law for every American.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Raising kids is expensive: when the monthly child tax credit ran in 2021, child poverty fell to a record low of 5.2%. When it ran out, child poverty more than doubled, to 12.4% in 2022.
- Faith looked down on, minorities targeted: a lot of Americans of faith feel the culture looks down on them, while religious minorities and LGBTQ Americans still face discrimination and hostility.
- Fights over what kids learn: without a fair process, every concern turns into a school board battle. Thousands of book challenges have come mostly from a small number of people filing a lot of complaints.
- Public money without equal rules: organizations that deliver public services don't always follow the same standards.
- Tax exemption with no accountability: churches don't file financial returns, so donors can't see whether their gifts paid for community service or a private jet, even at the largest organizations.
- Hard cases used to divide us: questions like transgender athletes and medical care for minors involve relatively few people but get used to split the country.
Why it matters. Families and faith communities are where most people learn their values, find support in hard times and give back. A lot of Americans of faith feel looked down on by the culture. A lot of LGBTQ Americans, religious minorities and others still face discrimination. These fights get used to divide us, but the common ground is wide. Most people want to raise their kids by their own values, worship freely and be treated fairly.
When these questions turn into a culture war, everybody loses something. Believers feel their faith is mocked. Gay and transgender Americans feel their lives are up for a vote. Parents feel shut out of their own kids' schools. Most families want the same things: to raise their kids by their own values, to worship freely or not at all, and to be treated fairly. The harm test lets us protect all of that at once. And the cost of raising a family is something every family shares, whatever they believe.
What we propose.
- Freedom at the center. People should be free to live as they choose, as long as they aren't harming others or taking away their freedom. That one test settles most of these questions, and it protects the devout believer and the gay couple next door equally. In the hardest cases, where one person's faith runs into another person's equal treatment, freedom to believe and worship is close to absolute. Turning someone away in the public marketplace is where limits apply, with narrow protection for clergy and religious ceremonies.
- Make raising a family affordable. A strong child tax credit, paid family leave, affordable childcare (see 3) and housing young families can afford (see 2). Having kids shouldn't be a financial risk. The child tax credit is paid monthly, including to families who earn little. It's made stable so it can't disappear overnight, and it's designed together with the basic income's child amount (see 5) so they don't double up.
- Parents informed, schools teaching everyone. Parents get full openness about what's taught and real ways to raise concerns. A public school's job is to prepare every child to live in a diverse country, and no parent or group can pull books for everybody else's kids. Concerns go through clear channels with deadlines, a review committee that includes parents and teachers, and published decisions. Teachers who follow the approved curriculum are protected. A parent can decide what their own child reads, for example with a simple list of books their child can't check out. Trained staff place books by age, with a fair review to move a book to an older section.
- Religious freedom for all. The freedom to worship, or not, and to live by your faith, for every religion. Government doesn't favor or punish any faith. Protections apply as strongly to small and unpopular faiths as to big ones.
- Equal treatment under the law. Nobody should lose a job, a home or service because of race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. Marriage equality is settled law. A narrow exemption covers clergy and core religious roles, like ministers and religious teachers, but not every job at a religious organization.
- Public money comes with public rules. Any school or service provider that takes public money, religious or not, follows the same standards for admissions, nondiscrimination, testing and financial reporting. Faith groups run a lot of shelters, food banks, adoption agencies and schools. The aim is to hold every provider to the same rules, not to push anyone out.
- Rethink the tax treatment of religious organizations. Churches and other religious organizations would no longer be tax-exempt automatically. People could still deduct part of what they give to the place of worship they choose. Religious organizations earn tax credits for documented services that help their community, like food banks, shelters, addiction recovery and disaster relief. Judge them by what they do, the same way we'd judge any charity. Small congregations, which is most of them, stay exempt below a set size. Above that size, large organizations like megachurches have to send every donor a plain yearly report of where the money went. Leaders' pay and housing, buildings, aircraft and vehicles, community services, missions and the rest. Even an organization that shows no profit has to show its members whether their gifts paid for a private jet or a community event. Churches and the community they build are good for the country. The point is to change the incentives for the few that abuse that trust. The line we're drawing, and what the tax actually is: a contract or grant means the government picks an organization and pays it to deliver a public service, so the money comes with public rules. A credit for documented community service is earned automatically, on the same terms, by any qualifying organization, religious or not, for work it chooses to do. That's the same kind of support every charity gets today. Above the line ($5 million in yearly revenue or $25 million in assets), an organization keeps its exemption only by meeting the same tests as any large charity. That means public yearly filings, limits on insider pay and benefits, and no private use of charitable money. Spending that fails those tests, like excessive pay, private aircraft for leaders or luxury housing, gets taxed through the excise taxes that already apply to other large charities (the excess-benefit tax and the tax on pay over $1 million). There's no new tax on donations. The line is based on revenue and assets, not profit, because profit is easy to spend down on salaries and buildings. In 2020 two-thirds of congregations took in less than $100,000 a year, and most roughly break even. So the change reaches megachurches, media ministries and religious conglomerates and leaves typical congregations alone. The same rules apply to every nonprofit, religious or not, as the Supreme Court's 1970 Walz decision requires. It phases in slowly while we watch whether services hold up.
- Transgender athletes. Everyone should have a fair place to play, and where the lines fall should rest on biology and science, not politics. The test is the same harm test. Does this person playing take away other players' safety or fair chance? What the science and the sports bodies say now: reviews of the research (for example Hilton and Lundberg, 2021) found that a year of testosterone suppression only reduces muscle mass and strength by around 5%, so much of the advantage from male puberty stays in strength and power sports. Other studies find smaller or mixed differences in some measures, and there's very little data on elite transgender athletes. Sports bodies have moved toward restriction. The NCAA limited women's competition to athletes assigned female at birth in February 2025, after a federal executive order. In March 2026 the International Olympic Committee limited women's events to biological females, starting with the 2028 Games and confirmed by a one-time genetic test. The IOC rule doesn't apply to grassroots or recreational sport. Where we land, given this evidence: we apply the harm test sport by sport. One hormone level for every sport doesn't fit what the research shows for elite strength and power events. In elite strength, power and contact sports, where the leftover advantage is clearest, the women's category is protected and an open category is added. Youth, recreational and low-contact sport keep the door open, because there the stakes are fun, fitness and belonging, not podiums. Each sport's governing body sets its own line using the best evidence it has, and reviews it as the research grows. Any screening has to be private and respectful.
- Medical care for transgender minors. This issue gets far more attention than its real size. A 2022 Reuters analysis of insurance claims found that about 17,700 minors started puberty blockers or hormones over the five years from 2017 to 2021, around 4,800 in 2021, out of about 73 million U.S. children. Surgeries on minors were rarer still. Different situations need different answers. Children born with differences in sex development, like a mismatch between chromosomes and anatomy, are a medical matter for families and doctors. For gender transition treatments, the age should be 18, or 16 with a parent's consent. Counseling for both the young person and the parents comes first, by qualified professionals who help them understand and decide. Never conversion or aversion therapy aimed at talking them out of who they are. Puberty blockers: these usually start at the beginning of puberty, around 10 to 14, well before 16, so the rule has to deal with them directly. England's independent Cass Review (2024) found the evidence for using them for gender dysphoria weak, and the UK now only allows them for that within a research trial. In June 2025 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Tennessee's ban on this care for minors (United States v. Skrmetti). What we'd do: blockers for gender dysphoria are available before 16 only within a research study with long-term follow-up, with a parent's consent and the required counseling, until the evidence is stronger. They stay fully available for their long-standing medical uses, like puberty that starts far too early. Young people who are waiting get strong mental health support. Every case has long-term follow-up, and the age and treatment rules get adjusted as research results come in.
What we can do without Washington.
- Congregations can publish their own plain spending reports now without waiting for a rule, and donors can ask for them.
- Give to religious and community groups that show their community work.
- Employers can offer paid family leave and flexible schedules, and we can favor the ones that do.
- Build friendships across faiths and beliefs through shared service projects.
The strongest objection. "Government should stay out of family and faith entirely." Mostly, we agree. Government's job is to protect everyone's freedom and equal treatment and make it more affordable to raise a family, not to tell anyone how to live.
How we'll know. Child poverty, the cost of raising kids as a share of income, discrimination complaints and religious liberty disputes resolved.
How we'd set it up. The religious tax change applies above $5 million in yearly revenue or $25 million in assets, adjusted for inflation and phased in over five years.
19. Aging, disability, retirement and veterans
The goal. Everyone can retire with dignity. People with disabilities can live full and independent lives. Family caregivers get real support. And veterans get the care and benefits they earned without having to fight for them.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Social Security running short: the combined trust funds run out in 2034. After that, taxes would only cover about 83% of promised benefits. The retirement fund by itself runs out in late 2032.
- Less income taxed than before: since 1983 a growing share of wages has gone above the payroll tax cap, now $184,500, so less of the country's income pays into Social Security than when it was last fixed.
- Numbers people don't trust: every reform proposal gets met with accusations of hidden agendas.
- Care falls on unpaid family: about 63 million adults provide unpaid care to a family member or friend (AARP, 2025), and a lot of them give up work, income and retirement savings to do it.
- Penalties for working and marrying: someone on Supplemental Security Income can lose benefits with more than $2,000 in savings, a limit that hasn't changed since 1989, and getting married can cut benefits sharply.
- No way to save at work: about 56 million private-sector workers have no retirement plan at work.
- Veterans waiting: about 6,400 veterans die by suicide each year, and a lot of them wait months for care or decisions.
Why it matters. Social Security is the main income for millions of retirees. The 2026 Trustees Report projects the combined trust funds will run out in 2034. After that, incoming taxes would only cover about 83% of promised benefits unless Congress acts. The retirement fund by itself runs out even sooner, in late 2032. The country is getting older fast, and most long-term care falls on unpaid family members, often women, who give up work and savings to do it. People with disabilities often face benefit rules that punish them for working or getting married. Veterans still have to work through a maze of paperwork and waits.
A promise broken late in life can't be fixed, because nobody can go back and save differently at 70. The longer Congress waits on Social Security, the bigger and harsher the fix ends up being. Doing nothing means an automatic cut of about 17% for every retiree in 2034. Meanwhile the people holding families together, often women caring for parents and kids at the same time, are the ones paying the hidden price.
What we propose.
- Get the real numbers first. An independent, public audit of Social Security. What it pays, what it takes in, who it helps most and how long it can keep its promises. Then make an honest decision instead of another round of patches. Where the audit starts: the 2026 Trustees Report shows the gap growing. The 75-year shortfall rose to 4.42% of taxable payroll, from 3.82% a year earlier, because of lower birth rates, lower immigration and the 2025 tax law. The retirement fund runs out in late 2032, and the combined funds in 2034. GAO would lead the audit with an outside panel of actuaries and economists from across the spectrum. It would take no more than a year and publish its models so anyone can check them. An audit anyone can check gives every side the same numbers before the decision. A balanced panel and published assumptions keep it from becoming a political weapon. If it misses its one-year deadline, Congress acts on the trustees' numbers instead of waiting.
- Keep the promise to people who paid in. No cuts for anyone retired or close to it. "Close to it" means a clear line, like anyone 55 or older. The fix is spread across income levels, with the biggest share from the highest earners, so it doesn't land only on younger workers.
- Fix it if it can be fixed. Replace it going forward if it can't. If modest changes can secure it, raise or remove the cap on income that's subject to payroll tax. Today, earnings above $184,500 (the 2026 cap) aren't taxed for Social Security. With the bigger gap in the 2026 report, removing the cap completely would now only close about 45% of the long-term shortfall (Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget). So it helps a lot but isn't enough by itself. If the audit shows the program is failing at its core, design a replacement for younger workers, for example retirement security built on the basic income floor plus a personal retirement account, with a long transition so nobody gets stranded. The cap change counts all earned income, including some business income, so high earners can't just relabel their pay. Any limit on top benefits stays modest, so the program stays insurance people earn, not welfare.
- Medicare joins single payer. Medicare becomes part of one public plan for everyone (see 4). Seniors join in January 2030, in the second wave, with no Medicare premiums, no drug plan premiums and no need for Medigap. The new system covers what Medicare Advantage members like about it, including dental, vision and hearing.
- Long-term care at home. Help people stay in their homes and communities as they age, with home care families can afford and caregivers who are paid and trained. Pay for home and community care under Medicare and Medicaid, including paying trained family members as caregivers, phased in with an honest price tag. Training, check-ins and easy reporting guard against abuse. Home care pay goes up, with real career paths. Paid family care stays a choice, with professional care available too.
- Support family caregivers with paid leave, respite care and retirement credit for years spent caregiving. Simple checks confirm care is happening without burying honest families in paperwork.
- Remove the penalties on working and marrying for people with disabilities, so earning more or getting married doesn't mean losing the support they need. Benefits phase down gradually as income goes up instead of falling off a cliff, which also keeps costs in check.
- Veterans first. Timely healthcare inside or outside the VA, judged by results. One record that follows a veteran from service to civilian life. Fast disability decisions. Mental health and suicide prevention. And help with housing, education and civilian careers. Outside care is coordinated through one shared record. The VA keeps its strengths, like its expertise in combat injuries and mental health, so its specialists aren't hollowed out.
- Saving for retirement. A simple retirement account for every worker, including part-time and gig workers, with matching help for lower earners. About 20 states have launched or scheduled automatic retirement accounts for workers whose employers don't offer one. California's CalSavers, the biggest, has more than 280,000 participating employers. A national version can build on what works there. Workers are signed up automatically and can easily opt out. Low-cost index funds are the default. And the public account is a floor, not a reason for employers to drop better plans.
What we can do without Washington.
- Set up caregiver respite networks, so family caregivers get a break.
- Veterans' groups and volunteers can help other veterans through VA paperwork and claims.
- Employers can hire veterans and people with disabilities, and offer phased retirement.
- Run check-in calls and visiting programs for seniors who are isolated.
The strongest objection. "We can't afford to expand anything when Social Security is already short." The gap is real and has to be fixed first and honestly. Doing nothing means automatic benefit cuts of about 17% in 2034, so the question isn't whether to act but how. Roughly what the main options close (share of the 75-year gap in the 2026 report):
- Remove the payroll tax cap completely
- Share of the gap closed: about half
- Who pays for it: earners above $184,500
- Partial cap changes (for example, taxing earnings above
$250,000 or $400,000)
- Share of the gap closed: about a fifth to two-thirds, depending on the design
- Who pays for it: high earners
- Limit benefits for the highest earners (a "six-figure
limit")
- Share of the gap closed: about a fifth to a half
- Who pays for it: wealthy retirees
- A flat-dollar cost-of-living increase instead of a
percentage
- Share of the gap closed: about half
- Who pays for it: retirees with higher benefits
- Raise the combined payroll tax rate by about 4.4 points
now
- Share of the gap closed: all of it
- Who pays for it: every worker and employer
Sources: SSA Office of the Chief Actuary scoring and CRFB analysis of the 2026 Trustees Report. The audit would re-score each option for our design. We lean toward combining removing the cap with a modest benefit limit at the top, and protecting everyone retired or close to it.
How we'll know. How long Social Security can pay full benefits, poverty among seniors, people aging at home, VA wait times, veteran suicide and how long disability decisions take.
20. Defense, trade and the world
The goal. America stays the world's leading power by staying ahead in technology and keeping its word, not by spending the most. A country that's safe, trusted by its allies, and helps other nations do well instead of needing them weak.
The problems we're trying to solve.
- Spending the most without passing an audit: the U.S. spent about $954 billion on its military in 2025, nearly three times what China spent, and the Pentagon still failed its eighth straight audit.
- Weapons years late and billions over: major programs often take more than a decade to field, while Ukraine showed that cheap drones and fast software can change a battlefield in months.
- A few giants win most contracts: the five largest contractors win most major contracts, and promising prototypes from newer companies often never get bought at scale.
- Decisions moving faster than accountability: as AI speeds up targeting, the risk grows that nobody really checks a recommendation before a strike.
- Critical systems exposed: ransomware has shut down hospitals and a major fuel pipeline, and foreign hackers have gotten inside U.S. water and power systems.
- Tariffs paid by Americans: studies of recent rounds found nearly all the cost got passed on to U.S. consumers and businesses.
- Pulling back from aid that works: PEPFAR is credited with saving about 25 million lives for a small cost, and when the U.S. pulls back, rivals step in with loans and influence.
- Spying on Americans: oversight bodies have found repeated misuse of searches of Americans' communications.
Why it matters. The U.S. spent about $954 billion on its military in 2025, nearly three times China's estimated $336 billion and more than the next several countries combined (SIPRI, 2026). Yet the Pentagon failed its eighth straight audit in 2025 and doesn't expect to pass one before 2028, and weapons programs regularly run years late and billions over budget. That waste doesn't make us safer. Meanwhile rivals are investing heavily in AI, cyber, drones and space. Trade can raise living standards or hollow out towns, depending on how it's done.
What we propose.
- End the blank check. An audit the Pentagon can pass, real competition among suppliers, and the power to end programs that fail. Contractors that run years late and billions over budget should lose future work, not get rewarded with more. Use fixed-price contracts where the technology is mature, prize-style challenges for new technology, and automatic review with the power to cancel when a program runs far over budget or schedule. Publish the review results so cancellations follow the data, not congressional districts. Protect critical suppliers who are the only source, even when they cost more.
- Stay ahead through technology. Invest in AI, cyber defense, space, drones, advanced manufacturing and the scientists and engineers behind them. Make it easier for newer companies to compete for defense work. That means open competitions, prize challenges and fast paths for new companies, plus money set aside to move proven prototypes into production.
- A human answers for every use of lethal force. AI can help analyze information, but a responsible person has to make and own every targeting decision. As AI speeds up targeting, the risk grows that nobody really checks a recommendation before a strike. On February 28, 2026, a U.S. strike hit an elementary school in Minab, Iran. A UN fact-finding mission counted about 120 children killed, and rights groups put the toll as high as 157, including 123 children. Reuters reported that an early military review found a U.S. Tomahawk missile was likely responsible and that out-of-date intelligence went into the targeting package. Other reporting on the review says the building was still listed as a military site in an old database, an AI targeting system recommended it, and the pace of the first day's strikes left little time to check. As of October 2026, the Pentagon still hadn't publicly released its findings or formally accepted responsibility, despite a demand from more than two dozen senators. In September 2026, Bloomberg reported on the investigation's findings from people involved in it: flawed intelligence, outdated imagery and too much reliance on an AI targeting system. It also reported that some Pentagon staff knew within hours that U.S. forces were responsible. The UN's investigators have said there are grounds to believe war crimes were committed, which is a finding, not a court judgment. That's exactly the failure this principle is meant to prevent. We need strict rules to protect civilians, an independent investigation of every civilian death, public release of the findings by a set deadline, and public accountability when we get it wrong. A country's strength shows partly in whether it owns its mistakes. Defensive systems that have to react in seconds, like missile defense, can do that, but every strike on people or places with people in them has a named person who approves it. Accountability reaches the people who set the pace and the rules, not just the person who pressed the button. And we push for international limits on fully automatic weapons.
- A ready, well-supported force. Good pay, housing and healthcare for service members and their families. Pay for it out of contracting savings, and hold the private companies running much of military housing to strict standards, with penalties for failures like mold.
- Keep our word. Strong alliances, real diplomacy and preventing conflicts, because the wars that never start are the cheapest ones. Shared commitments, like NATO's spending targets, get reviewed each year, and each commitment has clear limits on what it covers.
- Protect against cyberattacks on power grids, hospitals, water systems and elections, working with the private companies that run most of that infrastructure. Small water systems and rural hospitals get shared tools, training and money. Reporting attacks is required, with protection from penalties for honest reporting.
- Smart trade. Tariffs are usually a bad deal. They're a tax paid mostly by American consumers and businesses, and they invite payback against our farmers and exporters. The exception is what they were meant for: temporary protection for new, promising industries until they can compete, with a firm end date. Judge trade deals by what they do for workers, consumers and our security. Bring critical supply chains, like chips and medicines, home or to allies we trust. Help towns hurt by trade with real support, not empty promises. Protection comes with milestones and firm end dates written into law. Current tariffs phase down on a published schedule. Help for affected towns is simple and automatic, tied to the basic income and training (see 5), because past trade adjustment aid reached few workers.
- Help others do well. Foreign aid judged by results, focused on clean water, health, food and disaster response, and run with local communities instead of expensive consultants. Where it stands: in 2025 the administration took apart USAID and moved its remaining programs into the State Department and USDA. Congress's 2026 budget, signed in February 2026, provides about $50 billion for foreign assistance. That's about 16% less than in 2025 but well above what the White House asked for. The global AIDS program (PEPFAR) has kept running even though its authorization lapsed in March 2025. Foreign aid has always been about 1% of the federal budget. Our view: keep the programs with proven results, like vaccines, HIV treatment, clean water and famine prevention. They save lives for very little money and build goodwill. Rebuild the know-how to run them, while cutting overhead and middlemen. When the U.S. pulls back, China and others step in with loans and influence, so steady funding with independent evaluation holds that ground.
- Lead on shared threats, like pandemics, climate, AI safety and cybercrime. Agreements need reporting and checks, and they stay voluntary and open to review instead of handing decisions to international bodies.
- Intelligence with limits. Strong intelligence on foreign threats, with clear limits and independent oversight on spying on Americans. Searches of Americans' communications need warrants, and oversight bodies get full access and staff.
What we can do without Washington.
- Shareholders and pension funds can press defense contractors on cost overruns and failed programs.
- Support journalists and watchdogs that track defense waste.
- Buy American-made where it matters, and support new industries here without asking for tariffs.
- Build person-to-person ties overseas through exchanges, sister cities and veterans' groups.
The strongest objection. "Cutting anything at the Pentagon weakens us against China and Russia." Cutting waste isn't cutting strength. Every dollar lost to a failed program is a dollar not spent on what actually keeps us ahead.
How we'll know. Progress on the audit, cost overruns, readiness, cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, alliance commitments and job changes tied to trade.
Still open. How to unwind the tariffs now in place without shocking the businesses that have adjusted to them, while keeping support limited to industries tied to security or critical supply, like advanced chips, batteries, critical-mineral processing and key drug ingredients, for no more than eight years, with public milestones and automatic expiration.
Still open
How the twenty commitments fit together as one plan (one budget, what comes first, one scorecard, the people to deliver it, and the three first commitments) is set out in the framework. What follows are the decisions and facts still being worked out across all twenty.